The use of the term "west" is a reference to
the US and Europe
The use of the term "east" is a reference to
China
The attitude of the US and Europe
progression
The attitude of China
cycle, repetition
The ten Chinese dynasties took place over a time period of
5000 years
The government of the Shang dynasty is
feudalistic
The Shang dynasty is known for their work in
bronze
The longest dynasty
Zhou
dynasty in power during the Mauryan empire
Zhou
The wise kings in power during the very beginning of the Zhou Dynasty
Sage Kings
the most important man in Chinese history
Confucius
The Zhou government is
feudalistic
Chinese become aware of the cyclical pattern during the
Zhou dynasty
China became unified with a centralized government during this dynasty
Qin
China's namesake
Qin dynasty
cultural peak of China was during the
Han dynasty
dynasty in power during the end of the Roman Republic as it becomes the Roman Empire
Han Dynasty
The approximate amount of ethnicities in China
150
The large ethnic diversity often led to
racial discrimination
The namesake of the Chinese people themselves
Han Dynasty
The only distinctly Chinese group
Hans
Dynasty whose rule was only by that of a father and son; both were assassinated
Sui
Dynasty that built the canal connecting the two major rivers
Sui
The two major rivers of China
Yellow, Yangtze
This dynasty was a hyper empire
Tang
A dynasty in which very little occurs
Song
Chinese ruled by Mongols
Yuan
Had the largest empire in history
Mongolia
Mongol rule is considered a Chinese dynasty because they
adopted Chinese customs and bureaucracy
When the Ming dynasty closes China's borders, they miss
The Renaissance, Scientific Revolution
Second dynasty of foreign rule; the Manchus
Qing
China is left behind in development due to them
missing the Industrial Revolution
the Qing dynasty collapses around
World War II
the collection of dynasties as a whole is referred to as
Imperial China
After the collapse of the last dynasty, China has a short period of time in which it's a
republic
China's title under communism
People's Republic of China
China's communist leader
Mao Zedong
__% of China's land is arable
12
China's small villages governed by
a council of elders (continuity)
irrigation allowed the Chinese to
drain floodwaters
a common artistic theme in China
Landscape paintings on silk
A mythological figure; credited with being the original genius and engineer; responsible for the invention of the wheel, ships, armor, pottery, and silk
Emperor Huangdi
The most important Chinese commodity
silk
The value of silk was kept high and monopolized by the Chinese by them
keeping the skill making technique a secret
silk robes demonstrated
social status
The only evidence of the Chinese written language
writing on oracle bones
The reason ancient Chinese texts couldn't be preserved
were made of paper, disintegrated
The Shang Dynasty comprised of
5 or 6 families
The emperor gives land to nobles and in return, they pledge loyalty and military allegiance
feudalism
Shang kings were buried with
the royal court, high members of royal army
member of society who commits suicide in order to be buried with the king (whether voluntarily or not)
retainer
Considered to have the best bronzework
Shang
trade of this was monopolized by the government during the Shang dynasty
bronze
the "religion" of Chinese dynasties
veneration of ancestors
the job of women in dynastic China
uncomplaining obedience
respect for everyone older than you (specifically fathers)
Filial Piety
Oracle bones and bronze casting were used in the
Shang Dynasty
an extended family with whom you'd live
clan
the sage king venerated by Confucius
Duke of Zhou
The first ruler of the Zhou dynasty
Duke of Zhou
In the dynastic cycle: after the new dynasty starts,
the government makes reforms and increases efficiency
In the dynastic cycle: after the government makes reforms,
the lives of common people improve, taxes are reduced, farming is encouraged
In the dynastic cycle: after the common people's lives improve,
problems begin, such as invasions and feudal warlord uprisings
In the dynastic cycle: after the problems start,
taxes increase, conscription starts, farming is neglected
In the dynastic cycle: after the start of conscription, and the neglect of farming,
the government increases its spending, corruption increases
In the dynastic cycle: after the increase in government spending,
natural disasters occur
In the dynastic cycle: after the natural disasters,
The poor lose respect for the government and join the rebels
In the dynastic cycle, after the poor join the rebels,
the rebels find a strong leader, unite, and attack the emperor
In the dynastic cycle: after the rebel groups unite,
the emperor is defeated
In the domestic cycle: after the emperor is defeated,
a new dynasty starts
A type of labor in which one is neither free nor enslaved
conscription
A privilege that must be given to a leader in order for them to be allowed to rule
Mandate of Heaven
Requirements of the Mandate of Heaven
demonstrate leadership by both ability and virtue
a dynasty's leadership must be justified by
succeeding generations
A right of the people that demonstrates the power of their will
ability to revoke the Mandate of Heaven
justification for revoking the Mandate of Heaven
leader displays negligence and abuse
controlled not bronze, but iron
Zhou Dynasty
In a well field system, the plot of land in the middle is tended by _______, and reaped by __________.
peasants, nobles
In a well field system, the plots of land on the side are tended by _______, and reaped by ___________.
peasants, peasants
an agricultural discovery that helps to let the land become more full of nutrients
letting the land "rest" (keep it fallow)
evidence of trade (usually silk) can be found as far as
Greece
the cultivation of wet rice leads to
population growth
a limited money economy is present in the
Zhou dynasty
Bartering had a tendency to be preferred to money by many people because
an item's value is understandable to anyone, while a coin's is not
Zhou money is made of
iron
Term given to the end of the Zhou dynasty (period in which many scholars lived)
Hundred Schools Era
The hundred schools era occurred during
civil wars
wrote the book "The Art of War
Sun Tzu
contemporary of Confucius; scholar
Sun Tzu
the oldest military treatise in the world
The Art of War
Confucius was born into a
poor, but noble family
craves "harmonious society
Confucius
Confucius was loyal to
the Zhou
Confucius greatly admires
the early Sage Kings
Why did Confucius die poor?
His arrogance and demands for high pay prevented him from getting a job
The job Confucius wanted
political advisor for the government
man who taught "the magic of rituals
Confucius
What is the magic of rituals?
There is no need for discussion, argument, or violence.
If everyone performs rituals,
everyone will know how to behave
Literally translates to "The Way
The Dao
The goal when following Confucius's teaching
to find a way to get to the path
Main component for harmonious society
humaneness
The idea that you want not only yourself, but everyone around you to succeed. In this you avoid both self-sacrifice and self-focused competition
(we're all doing this guys, by like sharing notes over Facebook and stuff, js)
humaneness
The man who teaches rituals
the father
the first Confucian relationship
ruler <-> subject
the second Confucian relationship
father <-> son
the third Confucian relationship
husband <-> wife
The fourth Confucian relationship
older brother <-> younger brother
The fifth Confucian relationship (only one with some equality)
older friend <-> younger friend
If everybody knows their place in society and acts according to, it will benefit the group" ~_____________
Confucius
The mutual respect for others taught by Confucius is not synonymous with
equality
society based on merit
meritocracy
Confucius believed in this kind of society
meritocracy
The order of importance for determining the relationship between two people
status age gender
The Conversation
Analects
The teachings of Confucius compiled after his death by his students
Analects
Confucius believed in ________ before _______
principle, profit
Confucius had no value for
merchants
Confucius's disciple
Mencius
starts with the assumption that all people are basically good
Mencius
According to Mencius, If someone does something bad, ___________ is the answer.
education
good people will mend their ways in accordance to their inherent goodness" ~ __________
Mencius
the most important example of proper behavior
the emperor
social relationships are based on
rites, rituals
religious rituals were important for
social reasons
The Chinese class analogous to the Indian Brahmin (priests) was the
Scholar-Gentry
The best and brightest worked
for the government
The Chinese class analogous to the Indian Kshatriyas (warriors) were the
Peasants
Peasants were considered to have a high contribution to society because they
fed the people
The Chinese class analogous to the Indian Vaishyas (merchants) were the
Artisans
The Chinese class analogous to the Indian Shudras (field workers) were the
Merchants
Elite soldiers, generals, administrators, and generally anyone in the military who didn't kill were part of this class
Scholar-Gentry
The Chinese class analogous to the untouchables were the
soldiers (infantry, anyone who was actually fighting)
Confucius didn't believe in being brought into nobility by
accident of birth
Domestic slaves only existed from
their lack of ability to pay debt
The opposite of Confucianism
Legalism
believed people were inherently bad, and selfish
Legalism
used Legalism
Han Fei
the philosophy used by the Qin
Legalism
Everyone punished for the fault of one
collective responsibility
intellectualism and literacy discouraged under
legalism
philosophy in which law is the supreme authority and replaces morality
legalism
philosophy in which the ruler must rule with a strong, punishing hand
legalism
philosophy in which war is the means of strengthening a ruler's power
legalism
collective responsibility is a major theme in
legalism
The main philosopher of Daoism
Lao Zi
rumored to be Confucius's teacher
Lao Zi
The text of Daoism
The Dao De Jing
the reason for suffering, according to Daoism
effort to control nature, as opposed to accepting our role as part of nature
philosophy that believed in Yin and Yang
Daoism
Yin-Yang represents
balance (not opposites)
the moon (Daoism)
Yin
the sun (Daoism)
Yang
China doubles in territory during this dynasty
Qin
During the Qin dynasty, there's a switch from a _________ to a __________ form of government.
feudalistic, centralized
The Qin dynasty was expected to last for
1000 years
The Qin dynasty lasted for
14 years
The First Emperor (Qin)
Shi Huangdi
using the military, THIS GUY forces the relocation of nobles to a central location
Shi Huangdi
the choice offered to men of military age in the Qin dynasty
join the emperor's army or die
Biggest portion of the Great Wall of China built in _____dynasty (not the restoration)
Qin
2 Purposes of the Great Wall of China:
defense, keeping people from leaving
this form of labor was used to build the Great Wall of China
conscriptive labor
90% of the population during the Shang, Zhao, and Qin dynasties are
peasants
During the Qin dynasty, approximately ___% of the population was involved in conscriptive labor at any one time
17
Good things (: from the Qin dynasty
specialization of jobs/bureaucracy, military expansion, standardized writing (unifies dialects), standardized weights and measures, builds many roads, great wall
Aside from the great wall, conscriptive labor was used in the
creation of the Terra Cotta Army
reasoning behind the Terra Cotta army:
without the use of retainers, the military will remain strong throughout the "1000 year dynasty
was paranoid about assassination
Shi Huangdi (with good reason, he was kinda mean)
reason for book burnings
supported mass illiteracy, ideas of Confucius in contrast to theirs (Qin)
The two types of books spared in the book burnings
medicine, agricultural
punishment for scholars attempting to save books
buried alive
these guys hated Shi Huangdi
nobles, scholars, peasants (so everyone)
Craved by Shi Huangdi, he departs on a quest to search for it
Immortality Ship
Irony associated with Qin Dynasty
Shi Huangdi was obsessed with immortality, but the pill he was taking in order to achieve this was slowly killing him (mercury)
Man who've been castrated
Eunuchs
Eunuchs usually work close to the king as
it ensures all children were from his DNA
murdered Huangdi's most capable son
Eunuchs
The will forged by eunuchs grants Huangdi's throne to:
his incompetent son
The stress and overwhelmingness of the throne granted to Huangdi's incompetent son pushes him to
commit suicide
The end of the Qin dynasty culminates in
complete chaos (fighting over rule)
gets the Mandate of Heaven after the collapse of the Qin dynasty
Liu Bung
Liu Bung comes from a _______ background
peasant
was a police officer for the Qin government
Liu Bung
during Liu Bung's claim to the Mandate of Heaven, someone else attempts to take it. This causes him to kill him and burn the palace. This is a tragic burning, called
The Second Book Burning
The Second Book Burning was tragic because
the palace library held the last copies of all of the books burned in the First Book Burning
the knowledge in the burned books was retained by
Confucian scholars who had memorized the text and later rewrote it
Largest dynasty as far as territory (until Ming)
Han
Capital of the Han dynasty
Chang'an
during the Han dynasty, population increases from 20 million to ___ million.
60
Main philosophy of the Han dynasty
Confucian
Paper was invented during the
Han Dynasty
prior to the invention of paper, everything was written on
silk
Silk Road Trade develops during the
Han Dynasty
The first time the East and West are connected
Silk Road Trade
The Han dynasty adds the territories of modern-day
korea, vietnam
The Han dynasty is present during the _________ ___________ in India following the collapse of the ___________ _________.
power vacuum, mauryan empire
During the 500 year power vacuum in India, the _____ _____ goes through there, while ___________ comes to China.
silk road, Buddhism
form of government in Han China
Bureaucracy
___ different levels of government, associated with pay grade, in Han China
18
Most influential Han Emperor
Wudi
started public schools
Emperor Wudi
Han public schools were
funded by the government, not available to everyone
The exam whose pass rate determined who is eligible for government jobs
Civil Service Exam (continuity)
Those who passed the civil service exam were the
elite
Though success was based on merit, and merchants generally were not valued, it was not too difficult to
buy your way into nobility
The revival of Landscape Painting occurs during the
Han Dynasty
since everyone was being taught the same philosophies, and preparing for the same test,
thought in China was unified
The endless continuity of Chinese tradition causes them to become
left behind from the rest of the world