Ninety-Five Theses
a list of statements or propositions posted on the door of Wittenberg's All Saints' Church by the German cleric, Martin Luther(he was willing to debate over it). Luther challenged the sale of indulgences by a monk named Tetzel, as well as other corrupt pr
Realism
a trend in mid-19th-century European and American literature and art, in which the strengths and weaknesses of men and women, from all levels of society, were put under close examination; a reaction to the idealized portrayals of the Romantic and Neo-clas
Protestant Reformation
the movement begun by Martin Luther in 1517 that sought to reform abuses in the Roman Catholic Church. It unleashed forces that shattered the unity of Christians in Europe
Renaissance
the European period of rebirth and renewal of interest in learning, the arts, and culture, following the Middle Ages
During the Renaissance, which development contributed most to the Protestant Reformation?
the questioning of traditional authority. This was a bold step in the Renaissance period, because up to this time no one dared to question the Church
What factor helped most to bring about the Protestant Reformation?
Kings and Princes in northern Europe resenting the power of the Catholic Church. People such as Martin Luther began questioning the authority and practices of the Roman Catholic Church. The princes wished greater political autonomy so that they could gain
Clergy
the religious leaders of a particular faith
Martin Luther
a dissident monk who challenged some of the practices and dogma of the Roman Catholic Church, such as the sale of indulgences. He posted his 95 Theses on Wittenberg Church and thus began the Protestant Reformation in 1517. He believed that the Bible was t
The religious diversity in Western Europe is mainly the result of
the Protestant Reformation
What are three examples of religions that arose from the Protestant Reformation?
Lutheranism, Calvinism, and Anglicanism
In Western Europe, a major immediate effect of the Reformation was a
decline in religious unity and in the power of the Catholic Church. In 1517, Martin Luther questioned certain practices of the Roman Catholic Church. He broke away from the Church and soon afterward other Protestant denominations were created which fragme
Which was a major result of the Reformation?
new Christian denominations emerged. As a result of Luther's 95 Theses which questioned the practices of the Roman Catholic Church, other Protestant sects or denominations aside from Lutheranism emerged
Christian Denominations
various forms of the Christian religion with its basic monotheistic beliefs and the importance of the teachings of Jesus
John Calvin
16th-century French scholar and theologian who became a leader of the Protestant Reformation. His Institutes of the Christian Religion (1536) expressed the idea of predestination: only those elected beforehand by God would achieve salvation. Calvin's idea
What happened as result of Luther's challenge to the Roman Catholic Church's authority?
it marked the breaking up of religious unity in Europe
Roman Catholic Church
the Christian faith based upon the teachings of Jesus, that has its base off religious power in Rome under the spiritual leadership of the Pope
Pope (aka. Papal)
the leader of the Roman Catholic Church, recognized as the spokesman and guiding force of religious doctrine
Martin Luther's Ninety-five Theses were a call for
reforms within the Roman Catholic Church. The 95 Theses listed the changes needed within the Catholic Church. Luther cited the sale of indulgences and the taxing of citizens as two examples of church corruption
Reform
any change in economic, social or political conditions that intend to bring improvement
Which was a result of the Protestant Reformation in Europe?
the power of the Catholic Church is Europe was weakened. Several Protestant denominations evolved in Europe to challenge the power of the Catholic Church. People began to question many of the long standing beliefs they been thinking about for many years.
During the Reformation, a major criticism of the medieval Catholic Church was that it
refused to tolerate opposing ideas about religious practices. Martin Luther was the most successful in a long line of individuals (Hus and Wyclif) who had challenged the Catholic Church. Luther opposed the sale of indulgences and broke away from the Churc
The most significant way in which the Renaissance influenced the Reformation was in the Renaissance emphasis on
encouraging a questioning attitude. The Renaissance influenced the Reformation in that artists and writers encouraged in questioning areas of social, political, and economic life. In the process, reformers such as Luther and Calvin questioned the role and
Counter-Revolution
a movement arising in opposition to a revolution and aiming to restore the pre-revolutionary state
The issues of the sale of indulgences and of the worldly lives of the clergy were addressed by
Martin Luther in his Ninety-five Theses. Martin Luther, in his ninety-five theses, challenged the authority of the Roman Catholic Church, most notably regarding financial considerations surrounding the sale of indulgences against sin and the wealthy lifes
The Protestant Reformation represents a turning point in European history because it
ended religious unity in Western Europe. The Protestant Reformation provided freedom for many from the autocratic and often corrupt and dominant authority of the Roman Catholic Church
One way Martin Luther, John Calvin, and Henry VIII were similar is that they all were
Reformation leaders. All three men were at one time devout (strict) followers of the Roman Catholic Church. Luther and Calvin developed questions about the spiritual guidance offered by the Church. Henry's break with the Church was more political in that
Divine Right
the belief that laws and the power of the monarchy are derived from God
Indulgences
forgiveness for sins that were sold by the Catholic Church
Predestination
a belief that God has already determined who will reach salvation (a rewarding life after death) and that could not be changed
Information
In western Europe, a long-term effect of the invention of Gutenberg's printing press was that the
literacy rate increased. The effect of having more printed materials available was that more people had the opportunity and the desire to learn to read (literacy). This increased availability of information did a great deal to fuel the Protestant Reformat
Literacy
the ability to read and write
Johannes Gutenberg
a German inventor (1400's) of movable type for use in printing
An important effect of the Protestant Reformation in Europe was that it strengthened the
power of monarchies. The Protestant Reformation was a time of protest against the abuses such as taxation and the sale of indulgences, by the Catholic Church in the 1500s. Among those who supported the revolt were the monarchs (kings) who wished to lessen
What happened following the Reformation period?
Europe was no longer united under one religion as it had been since the fall of the Roman Empire (500 A.D.)
Prior to the Protestant Reformation, the medieval church in western Europe was criticized for
being too concerned with worldly power and riches. Criticism of the Church began growing in the 1300s. Its inability to emerge victorious during the Crusades and its ineffectiveness in stemming the death toll of the Plague led to a crisis of faith among i
In the early 1500s, Martin Luther's "Ninety-five Theses," Henry VIII's "Act of Supremacy," and John Calvin's Institutes of the Christian Religion contributed to
a decline in the power of the Catholic Church. Luther, Calvin and Henry VIII were all part of the Protestant Reformation, an attempt to alter the direction of the Catholic Church. Their efforts, though initially aimed at redirecting the administration of
Act of Supremacy
an act passed in 1584 by the English Parliament giving the King the power to be the head of the Church of England (Anglican Church). It established the English monarch as the official head of the Church of England, replacing the power of the Pope and the
Henry VIII
(1509-47) an English king who was initially a strong Catholic, but who broke away from the Roman Catholic Church over a dispute as to whether he could have a divorce. He started the Anglican Church in order to get a divorce from his wife
Council of Trent
meeting of the Catholic Church during the period of Counter-Reformation. The Council decided to reform many of the activities of the Church but reaffirmed its basic doctrines (ex. supremacy of the Pope)
Counter-Reformation
an attempt by the Catholic Church to stop the spread of Protestant ideas
What innovation had the greatest impact on the Protestant Reformation?
movable-type printing press. Martin Luther's 95 Theses became the catalyst for the Protestant Reformation because of the printing press. Within months, Luther's ideas were being read throughout the German states. The other three inventions were helpful in
Printing Press
15th century European technology (found earlier in Asia) that led to an increase in the availability of books and with it an increase in literacy and spread of information
One similarity between Martin Luther and Henry VIII is that they
challenged the teachings of the Catholic Church. Although they had different motives, both Luther and Henry VIII sought to make changes in the Catholic Church. Luther wanted the Church to rethink its sale of indulgences, pardons of sin. Henry wanted a div
What forced the Catholic Church to consider making some reforms?
the disunity among Christians throughout Europe
Protestants
the religious groups that broke away from the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church during the 16th century Reformation in protest of the selling of indulgences and the power of the Pope. They denied the universal authority of the pope and rested on the
Salvation
the liberation from ignorance; deliverance from a danger or difficulty; deliverance from the effects and power of sin
What change to Christian church practice was suggested by Martin Luther?
printing the Bible in the vernacular so all could read it. Luther did suggest that the Bible be translated into the common language (vernacular) of the people. He himself produced a translation of the New Testament into German
Vernacular
common or ordinary language
What was Luther's key idea?
justification by faith alone.
Anglican Church
the Church of England, a Protestant sect begun in the 1500's under Henry VIII
What was the result of the challenges of authority to the Catholic Church?
new branches/practices of Christianity emerged. (The Anglican religion in England and Lutheranism in Germany)
What situation was a direct challenge to the political and religious authority of the Catholic Church?
passage of the Act of Supremacy under Henry VIII
Erasmus
a Dutch humanist who used his knowledge of classical languages to produce a new Greek edition of the New Testament. He called for reforms in the church, challenging the worldliness of church practices, and urged a return to early Christian traditions
Bible
final authority for Protestant arguments about Christianity, rather than the Pope
Index
a list of books banned by the Church to stop the spread of Protestant or heretical ideas
Ignatius of Loyola
founded a monastic group dedicated to the Counter Reformation (Society of Jesus). He traveled Europe teaching discipline and learning to Catholics
Jesuits
the common name for the monastic order started by Loyola to stop the Reformation
What was Luther's argument?
Luther argued that salvation came through faith alone, not through good deeds or the sacraments
Tetzel
envoy sent by the Catholic Church to debate Luther
What was the time period of the Protestant Reformation?
1517 to 1650
What did Luther reject?
the power of the pope and priest
What did the pope declared Luther as and why?
He declared Luther a heretic and excommunicated him because Luther rejected the power of the pope and priests
What religion to Luther start?
Lutheran
What religion did Calvin's followers create?
Presbyterian and Congregational churches
What did Protestant leaders found?
many new churches
Most of the Protestant groups:
-Denied the power of the pope and church ceremonies
-Believed that faith in God's mercy gave salvation
-Accepted only the sacraments of Baptism and the Lord's Supper
-Encouraged individual interpretation of the Bible
Lutheranism
a major branch of Protestant Christianity which identifies with the theology of Martin Luther
Where was Lutheranism practiced?
Germany
John Calvin established a religion based on the ideas of?
Predestination and the Theory of the Elect
Theory of the Elect
those who would be saved from punishment for sins, would be known by their moral lives and by the success they achieved through hard work.
What was the reason why some powers clashed with the church? Give an example
to increase their own power. Ex. The pope refused to give Henry VIII of England an annulment (cancellation of marriage). Henry persuaded Parliament to pass the Act of Supremacy. The English monarch also became head of the Anglican Church. Henry seized Rom
What did the Protestant Reformation enable?
monarchs and civil governments to increase their power at the expense of the Catholic Church
Name one king who gained more power over the Catholic Church by officially changing the religion of his country?
Henry VIII
List the 4 acts during the Counter Reformation
Council of Trent, instituted reforms, The Index, and confirmed certain teachings
What was the Counter Reformation unable to do?
restore the former membership, power, and prestige of the Church
Society of Jesus
a Roman Catholic order founded by Saint Ignatius of Loyola in 1534 to defend Catholicism against the Reformation and to do missionary work.
What was the result of the Protestant Reformation?
increase in literacy (self-study of Bible and Printing Press), religious unity of the Middle Ages disappeared, and religious wars were fought
Underlying Causes of the Reformation
The Renaissance- based on the philosophy of humanism, led people to question the authority of the Church and to place greater faith in human reason
The Rise of Nation States- led some monarchs' to resent the power of the pope in their countries. A growing
The Roman Catholic and Protestant religions differed in regard to
the power of the pope and church officials
In the Reformation, Henry VIII of England
established the Anglican Church
What idea of the Renaissance is reflected in the Protestant Reformation and the Age of Exploration?
a questioning spirit
Thirty Years War
war between the Northern nations of Europe (Protestant) vs. Southern nations of Europe (Catholics)
Defeat of the Spanish Armanda
Spain's navy (Philip II) invaded England (Elizabeth I) in order to force them to become Catholic again. Spain lost- lost its position as the most powerful nation in the world. England won- began its claim as the most powerful nation in the world
Spanish Inquisition
the Church is Spain actually used torture to persuade non-Catholics to become Catholic
What are the two protestant beliefs?
people could be saved just by having faith in God- not in any other ways; people didn't need the Church's interpretation of God's word-they could read the Bible for themselves
What were the protestants protesting about?
-the church was more interested in making money than saving people's souls
-the Church was too involved in secular (non-church related) issues such as politics
-the Church officials claimed to be the only source of religious truth-only they could interpre
The Church had influence over the people spiritually
it controlled access to Heaven- people had to what the Church told them to do
The Church had influence over the people politically
the Church influence over the Kings and Queens in Europe-laws too
The Church had influence over the people economically
the Church collected a tithe (like a tax)- 10% of all members' wealth
Roman Catholic Church
had been the most powerful organization throughout Europe since the fall of the Roman Empire until this time- no one dared to question the power and actions of the Church