Where was Mecca located?
at the crossroads of caravan trade routes
What is the Kaaba today?
a shrine with the Great Mosque
Where was Muhammad born?
Mecca
What happened to Muhammad at age 40?
he heard the voice of the angel Gabriel calling him to be the messenger of God
Why did Muhammad have to leave Mecca?
because people threatened him because they didn't want to change their religion
Where did Muhammad go to after Mecca?
Medina
Is Islam monotheistic or polytheistic?
monotheistic
God is all _______ and ________.
powerful and compassionate
What did people believe about the prophets?
that God had sent them
What is the final authority of any questions?
the Quran
Why were the 5 pillars of Islam given?
to provide the Muslims with a guide in life; to tell them what God wants them to do with their life
What do the Muslims consider the Christians and Jewish?
People of the Book
What does the Sharia regulate?
-moral conduct
-family life
-business practices
-government
Who received more rights? such as?
women; they were allowed to reject marriage
What did the Quran prohibit?
the killing of daughters
Who was Abu Bakr?
Muhammad's father in law who was the 1st caliph
What did the Shiite Islams believe?
Muhammad designed his son in law, Ali, to be his successor
Who did the successors have to be un Shiite Islam?
descendants of Ali and Fatima
What did Sunni Islams believe?
any good Muslim could lead the community
Who did the successors have to be in Sunni Islam?
a pious male Muslim from Muhammad's tribe?
What are the majority of Muslims today?
Sunni
What conquest did the Umayyad Caliphs lead?
Spain and Morocco
What land did the Muslims conquer during the Umayyad Caliph?
Spain
What are the 4 reasons for Muslim victories?
1. longtime weakness of the Persian and Byzantine Empires
2. Bedouin camel and horse chivalry
3. common faith
4. orderly system of administration
What did non-muslims have to do in the Umayyad Caliph?
pay a tax to practice their religion
What are the 4 reasons non Muslims convert to Islam?
1. simple/direct message to be a good person
2. saw triumph as a sign of Gods favor
3. no religious hierarchy or class of priests
4. emphasized equality of all people
What were 5 problems the Umayyads faced?
1. had to adapt from living in the desert to ruling huge territories
2. Caliphs often flied on their local officials
3. economic tension between the wealthy and others
4. Shiite Caliphs considered Umayyad caliphs illegitimate rulers
5. unrest among non ar
What dynasty followed the Umayyad Dynasty?
Abbasid
What kid of empire did the Abbasid dynasty try to create?
an empire based on equality of all Muslims
How did the Abbasid dynasty try to create equality?
-stopped military conquests
-ended dominance of the Arab military class
What did the Abbasid dynasty encourage?
learning
Why did the Muslim Empire decline?
-independent dynasties ruled over several states
-series of invasions
Where did the Sejuk Turks migrate to?
the Fertile crescent
What did Sultan of Ghur do? What was the result?
he defeated the hindu armies and made Delhi its capital as a result
Why did many lower class Hindu's convert to Islam?
because of the caste system
What did the Seljuk stilton control?
Baghdad
What did Genghis Khan do?
-led the Mongols out of central Asia
-conquered a lot of territory
What did the Mongols do to Baghdad?
the burned it down
Why did the scholars flee to India?
because the Mongols raided
Why did India spilt?
because after Tamerlane came into rule they could decide what religion to practice
Name two difference between Hindu and Muslim religions?
Hindus...
-polytheistic
-believed in a caste system
Muslims...
-monotheistic
-believed in equality of all people
Who is Nanak?
Indian Holy man who tried to blend Islamic and Hindu beliefs
What did Nanak preach?
-unity of God
-brotherhood of man
-rejection of caste system
-
Who led the Turkish and Mongol armies?
Babur
What did the Turkish and Mongol armies do?
they invaded India
Who is Babur's grandson? What did he do?
Akbar created a strong central government
What did Akbar become known as?
Alexander the Great
In what ways was Akbar religiously tolerant?
-opened government positions to hindu's of all castes
-treated the hindu's as ruling partners
-ended the non muslim tax
In what ways did Akbar strengthen and improve the government?
-had payed officials instead of hereditary
-modernized the army
-encouraged inter nation trade
-used standardized weights and measures
-land reforms
Who ruled after Akbar?
his son Jahangir
What happened after Jahangir died?
he left his ruling in the hand soy his wife, Nur Jahan
Who was Nur Jahan's grandson? What did he do?
Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal for his wife, Mumtaz, after she died
What was the high point of Nughal art, architecture and literature?
the Taj Mahal
Where did the Ottomans spread?
into Asian minor and he Balkan peninsula
What city was captured by Mehemet II? What was it remained?
Constantinople -> Istanbul
WHo ruled during the ottomans golden age?
Sultan Suleiman
What was Sultan Suleriman ask known as?
Suleiman the Magnificent
What did Suleiman do?
-modernized the army
-conquered new lands (hungary to arabia and mesopotamia to northern africa)
-strengthened the government
-improved the empire's justice
What symbolic name was added to Suleiman's name?
Protector of the Sacred Places" (Mecca and Medina)
How did Sulieman rule?
he helps absolute power but ruled with the help of the grand council
What did the buerocracy do under Suleiman's rule?
-supervised the government
-helped maintain military peace
What was ottoman law based on?
the Sharia
What were the 4 social classes?
1. "men of the sword"
2. "men of the pen"
3. "men of negotiation"
4. "men of husbandry
What happen to Christian bus in the Ottoman Empire?
-they were converted to Islam
-put into rigorous military training
The best soldiers won a place in the ....
janissaries
What happened to the smartest students?
they were educated to become government officails
Who were Ottoman painters influenced by?
Persian artist
What did the Ottomans paint?
illuminated manuscripts
What happened after Suleiman died?
the empire slowly declined
What did the Safavid dynasty do?
united an empire in Persia
What religion were the Safavids?
shiite muslims
What region were the Ottomans?
sunni muslims
Who was the king of the Safavids?
Shah Abbas
What did Shah Abbas do?
-created a military force that modeled the janissaries
-centralized the government
Shah Abbas...
1. used_______ with the ottomans
2. sought ______ with european states
3. reduced _______ on _______ and _______
4. encouraged the growth of ________
5. tolerated ______-______
1. diplomacy
2. alliances
3. taxes; farmers; herders
4. industries
5. non-muslims
What was the capital of the Safavid dynasty?
Isfahan
What was Isfahan?
the center of international silk trade
What happened after Abbas' death?
Safavid glory faded
Who won control of Iran? What was the capital?
Qajar dynasty; Tehran
What was the religion in the Qajar dynasty?
shiite islam