anesthetic
drug that prevents pain during surgery
enclosure
the process of taking over and consolidating land formerly shared by peasant farmers
James Watt
Scottish engineer that looked at Newcomen's invention in 1764 and set out to make improvements on the engine in order to make it more efficient.
smelt
separate iron from its ore
capital
money used to invest in enterprises
enterprise
business organization in an area such as shipping, mining, railroads, or factories
entrepreneurs
those who managed and assumed the financial risks of starting new businesses
putting-out system
also known as cottage industry in which raw cotton was distributed to peasant families who spun it into thread and then wove the thread into cloth in their own homes
Eli Whitney
invented machine called the cotton gin that separated the seeds from the raw cotton at a fast rate. He finished the cotton gin in 1793
turnpike
private roads built by entrepreneurs who charged travelers a toll, or fee, to use them.
liverpool
city and one of the largest ports in England. first major rail line linked this place to Manchester in 1830
manchester
city in England. one of the leading industrial areas. example of an industrial revolution city.
urbanization
the movement of people to cities
tenement
multi story buildings divided into apartments.
labor unions
workers' organizations, illegal at the time.
Thomas Malthus
saw the effects of the population explosion. said only checks on the population are for war, famine, and disease. He went on that if the population increased, he urged families to have fewer children and discouraged charitable handouts and vaccinations. H
David Ricardo
Didn't hold out hope for working class to escape poverty. Wage increases were futile. He believed that if wages were high then families would have more children. opposed any government help for the poor
Jeremy Bentham
advocating utilitarianism. Believed strongly in individual freedom. all laws or actions should be judged by their utility
utilitarianism
the idea that the goal of society should be "the greatest happiness for the greatest number" of its citizens
socialism
the people as a whole rather than private individuals would own and operate the means of production
means of production
farms, factories, railways, and other large businesses that produce and distribute goods
Robert Owen
set up a model community in New Lanark, Scotland, to put his own ideas into practice
Karl Marx
A german philosopher, condemned the ideas of Utopians as unrealistic idealism. He thought there would be a revolution but he was wrong.
communism
a form of socialism advocated by Marx, in which an inevitable struggle between social classes would lead to the creation of a classless society where all means of production would be owned by the community.
proletariat
working class
social democracy
a political ideology in which there is a gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system.
Adam Smith
he believed that government should play no part. Free enterprise. Laissez faire
John Mill
wanted the government to step in to improve the hard lives of working class. called for giving vote to workers and women. also believed that all laws or actions should be judged by their utility
socialism
what is the name of the system in which individuals own the means of production?
because there wouldn't be an equality between the rich and the poor. this could start war and socialist don't want war.
why did socialists think that private ownership of the means of production was bad?
When marx and Engels wrote a pamphlet, they believe it began communism. Marx theorized that economics was the driving force in history COMMUNIST MANIFESTO
what do u think marx meant when he said his theory was based on the scientific study of history?
bourgeoisie and proletariat
what to groups were in conflict?
between the haves and have-nots. the haves always owned means of production which meant they controlled society and all its wealth. the have-nots were the working class or proletariat
according to marx, what kind of struggle drove history?
marx predicted that proletariat would be triumphant and take control of the means of production and set up a classless, communist society
how would capitalism come to an end?
gradual transition from capitalism to socialism instead of a sudden violent overthrow of the system
what would the ideal society look like?
Nationalism won out over working class loyalty. (he predicted that workers would unite across national borders to wage class warfare)
flaws in marx's arguments
created jobs, reformers improved conditions, higher wages, people could visit their families in their towns, wealthy middle class
benefits of industrialization
harsh working conditions in factories, struggle to survive, child labor, terrible hardships, increase in demand of iron and coal which increased need for miners, pollution, crowded cities
challenges of industrialization
lesser need for farm workers and changed where people lived and how they worked
why was the industrial revolution a turning point in world history?
people ate better so they were healthier. They also had better hygiene which improved medical care
how did an agricultural revolution contribute to population growth?
cotton gin, steam engine, smelting of iron
what new technologies helped trigger the industrial revolution?
surrounded by water so they can move. Lots of demand for goods. Access to capital, lots of people. social and political conditions
what conditions in britain paved the way for the industrial revolution?
inventions. human ingenuity. breakthroughs.
flying shuttle, spinning jenny, water frame
what led to the advancement of the british textile industry?
helped ship goods, goods traveled faster
allowed factory owners and merchants to ship goods swiftly and cheaply over land
why was the development of railroads important to industrialization?
John Kay
who made the flying shuttle?
James Hargreaves
who produced the spinning jenny in 1764?
Richard Arkwright
who produced the water frame?