Driver / Operator
Chpt 1: History of Driver/Operator Pg 2
Responsible for getting the fire apparatus to the scene safely, setting up, and running the pump or operating the aerial ladder once the vehicle arrives on the scene.
Fire Suppression Teams in Europe
Chpt 1: History of Driver/Operator Pg 3
The evolution of firefighting tools was heavily influenced by these teams.
Engineer
Chpt 1: History of Driver/Operator Pg 4
Used to identify the fire fighter charged with operating the steam engine.
Transmission Retarders
Chpt 1: History of Driver/Operator Pg 9
Use the transmission fluid located int eh vehicle transmission to create backpressure, thereby slowing the vehicle down.
NFPA 1500 Standard on Fire Department Occupational Safety & Health Program
Chpt 1: History of Driver/Operator Pg 9
This standard required that new fire apparatus be designed so that all members riding on the fire apparatus would be provided a seated area inside an enclosed cab.
NFPA 1901 Standards for Automotive Fire Aparatus
Chpt 1: History of Driver/Operator Pg 9
Requires that fire apparatus manufacturers install seat belt warning devices that verify that a fire fighter is seated and belted.
2nd Leading Cause of Fire Fighter Fatalities
Chpt 1: History of Driver/Operator Pg 10
Injuries sustained while responding or returning from the fire ground.
NFPA 1901
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 19
Defines all of the documents and components that should be incorporated for a piece of equipment to be considered an NFPA-compliant fire apparatus. Ex: All fire service apparatus must be able to attain a speed of 35 mph (55kmph) from a standing start with
NFPA 1901
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 19
Defines a fire pump as a water pump that is mounted on the fire apparatus and used for firefighting. The fire pump must be capable of delivering a minimum capacity of 250 gallons per minute at 150 pounds per square inch. When designed for pump-and-roll op
NFPA 1901
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 20
States that if the pumping system is rated at 3000 GPM or less, it shall be able to deliver water at the following rates:
100% of rate capacity at 150 psi net pump pressure; 70% of rated capacity at 200 psi net pressure; 50% of rated capacity at 250 psi n
As The Fire Pump's psi Rate is Increased
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 20
The amount of water that can be delivered decreases.
Larger Fire Pumps
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 20
They are allowed more time to operate from a draft because they have more space inside that must be exhausted of air before water can enter the pump.
Rating of Fire Pumps
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 20
All fire pumps are rated from a draft, so that no added water pressure from an external source is used to offset the capacity of the fire pump.
NFPA 1901
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 20
Defines the requirements of fire apparatus equipped with water. Regardless of the tank's size, it states that all water tanks shall be constructed with noncorrosive materials or other materials that are treated against corrosion and deterioration.
Pumper
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 21
Is a piece of the fire apparatus that is critical for the initial extinguishment of the fire because it brings the initial water supple as well as tools to the fire scene.
NFPA 1901
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 21
States that a pumper shall be equipped with a permanently mounted pump with a minimum rating of 750 GPM, with tanks that carry, at a minimum, 300 gallons.
Pumper
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 21
Must carry one straight ladder (with roof hooks), one extension ladder, and one attic ladder. At a minimum, it must have 15' (4.5m) of soft suction hose or 20' (6m) of hard suction hose.
NFPA 1901
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 21
The following types of fire hose and nozzles are required: 800' (240m) of 2 1/2" (65mm) or larger supply/attack hose; 400' (120m) of 1 1/2" (38mm), 1 3/4" (45mm), or 2" (52mm) attack hose; One combination spray nozzle capable of delivering 200 GPM (750 L/
Initial Attack Fire Apparatus
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 21
Is used much like the pumper, but it's specifications are much different. This type of fire apparatus is not as commonly encountered as the pumper, but is nevertheless used by many fire departments. It is a smaller version of the pumper that is designed t
NFPA 1981 Standard on Open-Circuit Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus for Emergency Services
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 21
Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) for each assigned seating position, but not fewer than four units, mounted in a bracket fastened to the apparatus.
NFPA 1901 Mobile Water Supply Apparatus
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 24 & 25
The initial attack fire apparatus must have a minimum rated capacity of 250 GPM, and water tank must have, at a minimum, a certified capacity of 200 gal. A minimum of 15' of soft suction hose or 20' of hard suction hose with a strainer must be carried. At
NFPA 1901 Aerial Fire Apparatus
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 25 & 26
The apparatus must include, at a minimum, a 115' total complement of ground ladders that are supplied and installed by the manufacturer. At a minimum, the following ladders shall be provided: One attic ladder; two straight ladders (with folding roof hooks
Quint
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 27
Meaning five. It has 5 functions associated with it: pump, water tank, fire hose storage, aerial, and ground ladders. Once this apparatus is running as a pump, it cannot be manuevered for ladder duty.
NFPA 1901 Quint Fire Apparatus
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 27
Fire pump shall meet requirements, and shall have a rated capacity of 1000 GPM, as well as, a water tank with a minimum certified capacity of 300 gal. It will also carry a minimum total complement of 85' of ground ladders to include at least one extension
NFPA 1901 Special Service Fire Apparatus
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 28
It is required to have more compartment space than the other types of fire service appartus. It must have a minimum of 120 ft of enclosed, weather-resistant compartment space for storage of equipment.
NFPA 1901 Mobile Foam Fire Apparatus
Chpt 2: Types of Fire Apparatus Pg 29
Shall be equipped with a fire pump that has a minimum rated capacity of 750 GPM, and foam concentrate tanks that have a minimum capacity of 500 gal, and must include 40 ft of enclosed weather-resistant compartment space.
Tank Water
Chpt 3: Water Pg 35
Although many fires are successfully controlled using tank water, this tactic does not ensure the ongoing adequacy and reliability of the water supply throughout the incident.
Water
Chpt 3: Water Pg 35
One atom of oxygen is bound by two atoms of hydrogen attached on the same side. This arrangement gives the water molecule a positive charge at the hydrogen side and a negative charge on the oxygen side.
Surface Tension
Chpt 3: Water Pg 35
Allows water to flow, puddle, and remain together even after leaving the nozzle. As water is heated, the surface tension decreases. The lower surface tension allows the waterr to soak into the object with which it comes into contact, rather than just skat
Universal Solvent
Chpt 3: Water Pg 35
As water passes through or moves by a substance, the positive and negative charges of the molecule take the various chemicals, minerals, and solvents along with it.
Aqueous
Chpt 3: Water Pg 35
Substances dissolved in water.
Specific Heat Index
Chpt 3: Water Pg 35
The amount of heat energy required to increase the temperature of a substance. Water is able to absorb heat because of its hydrogen-bonding characteristics. Water is one of the highest of any known chemical compound..
Water
Chpt 3: Water Pg 36
At 32 degrees is almost one-half pound per cubic foot heavier than water at 100 degrees. Water is less dense as a solid than it is as a liquid.
Heat of Vaporization
Chpt 3: Water Pg 36
The effect attributable to water being able to be converted to a gas (steam) through the application of heat.
Water Vapor
Chpt 3: Water Pg 36
The volume of water vapor is 1700 times greater than that of an equal amount of liquid water; as a consequence, water displaces oxygen and effectively smothers the fire.
Harmful Characteristic of Water
Chpt 3: Water Pg 36
The ability of water to conduct electrical current actually depends on the amount of dissolved solids in the water. Salt water, for example, is highly conductive.
Turbidity
Chpt 3: Water Pg 36
The amount of particulate matter suspended in water.
Hardness
Chpt 3: Water Pg 36
The amount of dissolved calcium and magnesium, which increases the mineral content within water, determines the water's level of hardness. The surface tension of "hard water" is lower than that of pure water.
Fire Hydrant Pressure
Chpt 3: Water Pg 37
Generally the water pressure ranges from 20 lbs per square inch to 80 psi at the delivery point. The recommended minimum pressure for water coming from a fire hydrant is 20 psi.
Primary Feeders
Chpt 3: Water Pg 38
Large mains that carry large quantities of water to a section of the town or city.
Secondary Feeders
Chpt 3: Water Pg 38
Smaller mains that distribute water to a smaller area.
Distributors
Chpt 3: Water Pg 38
The smallest pipes that carry water to the users and hydrants along individual streets.
Water Mains
Chpt 3: Water Pg 38
In a well-designed system, they will follow a grid pattern. A grid arrangement provides water flow to a fire hydrant from two or more directions and establishes multiple paths from the source to each area.
Hydrants
Chpt 3: Water Pg 38
Those on a dead-end water main will have a limited water supply. If two or more hydrants on the same dead-end main are used to fight a fire, the upstream hydrant will have more water and water pressure than the downstream hydrants.
Potential Energy & Kinetic Energy
Chpt 3: Water Pg 39
Water that is not moving has potential energy. When the water is moving, it has a combination of potential energy and kinetic energy. Both the quantity of water flowing and the pressure under a specific set of conditions must be measured as part of testin
Static Pressure
Chpt 3: Water Pg 39
Is the pressure in a system when the water is not moving. It is also potential energy.
Elevation Pressure
Chpt 3: Water Pg 39
Static pressure is generally created by elevation pressure and/or pump pressure.
Open Hydrant
Chpt 3: Water Pg 39
When you open a hydrant and start to draw large quantities of water out of the system, some of the potential energy of still water is converted into the kinetic energy of moving water.
Residual Pressure
Chpt 3: Water Pg 39
Is the amount of pressure that remains in the system when the water is flowing. It is an important measurement because it provides the best indication of how much more water is available in the system.
Flow Pressure
Chpt 3: Water Pg 39
Measures the quantity of water flowing through an opening during a hydrant test. When a stream of water flows out through an opening (known as an orifice), all the pressure is converted to kinetic energy.
Atmospheric Pressure
Chpt 3: Water Pg 39
Decreases approximately 0.5 psi for every 1000 feet.
Dry-Barrel Hydrants
Chpt 3: Water Pg 41
Are used in climates where temperatures can be expected to fall below the freezing level. The drain is fully open when the hydrant valve is fully shut.
Wet-Barrel Hydrants
Chpt 3: Water Pg 41
Are used in locations where the temperatures do not drop below the freezing mark.
Locations of Fire Hydrants
Chpt 3: Water Pg 42
They may be placed about every 500' in residential areas and every 300' in high-value commercial and industrial areas.
Inspecting & Maintaining Fire Hydrants
Chpt 3: Water Pg 44
They should be checked no less than once a year.
NFPA 291 Recommended Practice for Fire Flow Testing & Marketing of Hydrants
Chpt 3: Water Pg 46
Requires a minimum of 8" from the center of the hose outlet to the finish grade. Fire hydrants should be positioned so taht the connections - and especially the large steamer connection - are facing the street.
Testing Fire Hydrants
Chpt 3: Water Pg 46
The amount of water available to fight a fire at a given locations is a crucial factor in planning an attack.
Pitot Gauge
Chpt 3: Water Pg 47
Is used to measure flow pressure in psi, and to calculate the flow in gallons per minute.
Static Sources of Water
Chpt 3: Water Pg 49
If a road or hard surface is located within 20' of the water source, a fire engine can drive close enough to draft water directly into the pump through a hard suction hose.
Portable Pumps
Chpt 3: Water Pg 51
Can be hand-carried or transported by an off-road vehicle to the water source. Portable pumps can deliver up to 500 gallons of water per minute.
Fire Service Hydraulics
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 60
Is the study of the characteristics and movement of water as they pertain to calculations for fire streams and fire-ground operations. These calculations are generally categorized as theoretical hydraulics and fire-ground hydraulics. The major variable af
Pump Discharge Pressure
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 60
Fighting fire with water is a matter of water flow (gallons per minute (GPM), or liters per minute (L/min)) versus heat generation (British Thermal Units (BTU)) or kilocalories (kcal).
Critical Rate of Flow
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 60
A rate where there must be sufficient flow applied to overcome the heat generated by the fire. Too great a pressure will cause the stream to break up and lessen its effectiveness. Inadequate pressure will produce insufficient flow to overcome the fire.
Combination Nozzles (fog nozzles)
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 61
Traditionally have NP (nozzle pressure) of 100 psi, but come with different features that have varied NP levels. Low-pressure fog nozzles have a NP that varies from 50-75 psi. Smooth bore nozzles, also referred to as solid-tip nozzles, have a NP of 50 psi
Broken Stream Nozzles
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 61-62
Fog distributors are generally rated at 100 psi and smooth-bore nozzles at 50 psi. Distributor nozzles constantly spin and present centrifugal forces that are symmetrical. Because these forces occur perpendicular to the hose, they do not produce a corresp
Rule of Thumb
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 63
The nozzle should never be larger than half the diameter of the hose.
Friction Loss (FL)
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 63
Is the pressure lost from turbulence as water passes through pipes, hoses, fittings, adapters, and appliances. It is important to know that FL calculations know no bounds. As fire service equipment improved, hydraulic calculations reflected the changes an
Multiple Hose Lines of Different Sizes & Lengths
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 66-67
Under normal conditions, you always fully open a valve to prevent excess turbulance and FL through the valve. After you open one discharge and start flowing, any additional discharge you flow will lower the pressure of lines already open, so be sure to in
Elevation Pressure
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 70
Elevation is relative to grade; altitude is relative to sea level. Water exerts a pressure of 0.434 psi per 1' of water column, however to make multiplications simpler, multiply by 0.5. To speed the calculation process further, simply determine the elevat
Appliance Loss & Master Streams
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 72-73
Generally, the appliance FL is considered insignificant when water flows are less than 350 GPM. Allow 10 psi in appliances when the flow is 350 GPM or greater. Allow 25 psi FL for all master stream appliances. It is important to remember that fire streams
Siamese Hose Lines
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 79
In the split flow method, you divide the flow among the lines equally and calculate the pressure to supply that one line as that pressure will support all the supply lines. In the percentage method, you calculate the total flow through one line. The FL in
Prepiped Elevated Master Stream
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 87
There is no single FL amount that can adequately encompass all prepiped elevated master stream devices; therefore it is imperative that each aerial device be tested for its unique amount of FL. Unless the loss in the intake, piping, and nozzle has been es
Non-Prepiped Elevated Master Stream
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 87
The only difference in these calculations is that you must add the FL for the hose running up the ladder to the tip and allow for both appliances.
Standpipe Systems
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 87-91
For these types of buildings, the water supply is critical. When the FDC has two 2 1/2" connections, it is a good idea to advance a 2 1/2" hose line to the FDC and charge it before attaching the second hose line. Get water into the standpipe system as soo
Pressure Regulating Valves
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 92
They are installed on standpipe risers where static pressures exceed 175 psi, per NFPA 13. If pressures while flowing exceed 100 psi, then NFPA 14 requires the installation of a device at the outlet to restrict or reduce the flow pressure to a maximum of
Net Pump Discharge Pressure
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 93
Incoming pressure means that the pump does not have to work as hard to achieve proper PDP's; it merely has to add to the pressure that is received from teh pressurized source.
Hydraulic Calculators
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 98
May be either manual (mechanical) or electronic. The manual hydraulic calculator may consist of a sliding card or a slide rule. Electronic calculators may be either mounted or hand-held devices. The mounted calculators are seldom encountered today.
Subtract 10 Method (GPM Flowing Method)
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 100
The simplicitly of this method is its strength; using this technique, you can determine FL in 2 1/2" hose very quickly.
The Condensed Q Method in a Relay Operation
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 101
It is a quick and easy way to determine the PDP.
Flow Meters & Electronic Pump Controllers
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 101-102
A sensing device on top of the meter is designed to measure the flow (GPM) through the hose. In the fire service, these sensors are generally of spring probe or paddlewheel design. NFPA 1901 allow flow meters on discharges from 1 1/2" to 3" in diameter. L
Electronic Pump Controllers & Pressure Govenors
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 102
One example is an Electronic Fire Commander (EFC) that provides a small computer panel for controlling the pump. Placed on the pump panel, these panels contain both a pressure governor and an engine speed governor, and include a preset function that elimi
Preincident Plan
Chpt 4. Mathematics for the Driver/Operator Pg 102
When developing a suppression strategy, there is no more useful tool than knowledge of the target structure and a well-developed preincident plan.
Centrifugal Pump
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 110
Is capable of pumping only fluids (and not air), than you will know that you have to prime the pump before you can operate.
Pumps
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 111-112
Fires are extinguished when the proper amount of water (or gallons per minute, GPM, rate) is applied to the fire. A pump pressurizes the water used to attack the fire. According to the 2007 Edition of NFPA 20, Standard for the Installation of Stationary P
Types of Pumps
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 112
The fire service primarily uses two types of pumps: positive-placement pumps and centrifugal pumps.
Positive-Displacement Pumps
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 112
According to NFPA 20, this type of pump produces a flow by capturing a specific volume of fluid per pump revolution and reducing the fluid void by a mechanical means to displace the pumping fluid. Although these models are self-priming, they still require
Single-Acting Piston Pump
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 112
The fire stream from this type of pump would be inconsistent and have moments without any water discharged.
Rotary Pumps
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 113
They are typically used as the priming pump for a cetrifugal pump. The internal components fit together tightly and allow for very little water to slip back from teh discharge side to the intake side of the pump during operation.
Rotary Gear Pumps
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 113
The type of positive-displacement pump most commonly encountered in the fire service is this pump, which is typically used as a priming pump.
Rotary Vane Pumps
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 114
It uses small moveable elements called vanes, which freely move in and out of the slots of the rotor to maintain a tight seal against the pump casing. Centrifugal force keeps the vane tightly pressed against the pump casing, thereby ensuring a tight seal.
Centrifugal Pump
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 114 & 116
The most common fire pump in use today. They do not flow a definite amount of water with each revolution; instead, the flow or amount of water discharged is based on the pressures at the discharge side of the pump. At higher flow rates (rpm), the pump wil
Impeller Vanes
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 116
Divide the impeller. As the impeller spins, it accelerates the movement of water between the vanes and discharges the fluid radially outward into a collection area called a volute. The volute gradually decreases in area, causing the water pressure to incr
Two-Stage Pump
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 117
The most common type of multistage pump is the two-stage pump. At the discharge side of the first impeller, a transfer valve directs the water to either the pump's discharge header or the intake side of the second impeller.
Parallel/Volume Mode
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 117
When water is directed in this mode, it enters each impeller from a common intake side and is discharged into a common discharge header. This results in the pump's maximum volume of water being discharged. When more than 50 percent of the pump's rated cap
Series/Pressure Mode
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 117
When water is directed in this mode, it travels through one impeller at a time or in series. The second impeller will then pump the water out the discharge header. Series/pressure mode is the position in which two-stage pumps are most commonly operated.
Fire Pump Rating
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 119
A fire pump is rated by and tested bto Underwriters Laboritories (UL) specifications. To satisfy the UL standards, it must produce 100 percent of its rated capability at 150 psi for 20 minutes, 70 percent of its rated capability at 200 psi for 10 minutes,
Two-Stage Pump
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 119
In most pumping operations, you will supply one or two handlines of water. A 1000 gallon two-stage pump can easily supply this amount while operating in series/pressure mode. The advantage of this configuration is not attributable to any need for excessiv
Pump Capacity
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 120
One element driving the increases in pump capacity is the increase in diesel engines' horsepower, which has doubled them from 250 rpm to more than 500 rpm since the 1950's.
Portable Pumps
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 120
The simplest form of power supply is available with teh portable pump. This pump is typically carried by two or more fire fighters to a water source and used to pump water from that source. With this type of unit, there is typically no gear box, clutch, s
Power Take-Off Units
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 121
They are commonly used for small pumps such as those found on tankers or tenders.
Transfer Case
Chpt 5: Pumper Apparatus Overview Pg 121
The most common power system found in pumps. The speed of the pump is directly related to the speed of the transmission.
Fire Apparatus Inspection
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 130
It is an evaluation of the fire apparatus and its equipment to ensure its safe operation. Driver/Operators typically conduct such inspections at the start of a shift, when the fire apparatus is being put back into service after repairs were made, and afte
NFPA 1901 Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 130-131
Requires each fire apparatus manufacturere to provide documentation of the following items for the entire fire apparatus and each major operating system of the fire appartus: See page 131.
Inspection Process
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 133-134
It should begin with a review of the apparatus inspection form that was completed after the previous inspection. Failure to complete a thorough inspection may result in an unsafe fire apparatus operating on the road and the emergency scene.
Fire Apparatus Sections
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 134
Each driver/operator should use whatever system or sequence is recommended by his or her fire department.
Exterior Inspection
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 134-136
The first section to be completed is the inspection of the fire apparatus exterior. When inspecting the tire wear, the tire should have at least 1/8" of tread depth in every major groove on all tires. You can use a quarter to measure this. If part of Geor
Engine Compartment
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 136
NFPA 1901, Standard for Automotive Fire Apparatus, requires that all fire apparatus be designed so that the manufacturer's recommeded routine maintenance checks of lubricants and fluid levels can be performed through a limited-access port without lifting
Engine Oil
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 136
The engine oil level is checked with a dip stick, usually after the engine has been turned off for at least 15 minutes.
Transmission Fluid
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 137
Is the only fluid that may need to be inspected while the engine is running, although some manufacturers also recommend checking power steering fluid at operating temperature.
Battery Cables
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 137
Given that most of today's fire apparatus have computerized systems on board, severe damage could occur if removal of the battery cables is done improperly.
NFPA 1901
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 138
Requires that all seated positions in the modern-day fire apparatus cab be equipped with bright orange or red seat belts so they are not confused with seat-mounted SCBA belts and straps.
Brake Inspection
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 139
First, you should inspect the brakes for the following conditions: cracked drums or rotors, shoes or pads contaminated with oil, grease, or brake fluid; and shoes or pads that are worn dangerously thin, missing, or broken.
Dual Air Brake System Warning Light & Buzzer Test
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 140
A dual brake air system actually consists of two separate air brake systems that use a single set of brake controls - a setup that provides more air capacity and, therefore, a safer system. An audible alarm should signal before the pressure drops to less
Spring Brake Test
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 140
This test ensures that the parking brake operates as it was designed. The parking brakes should engage whenever brake pressure drops below 40 psi in the REAR BRAKE system. The parking brake knob should activate when the air pressure drops below 40 PSI. Fi
General Tools/Equipment Inspection
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 141
All other equipment carried on the fire apparatus must be kept by the member in charge of the respiratory protection equipment in accordance with OSHA 29.
Pump Inspection
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 141
A visual inspection of the water supply tank should be conducted, even if it has a water tank level gauge. Tank gauges may not be accurate because of fluctuations caused by the materials in "hard water" and electrical malfunctions. A loose pump seal may n
Intake Strainers
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 142
Are located at the fron of all intakes directly on the pump. These small screens prevent debris such as rocks from entering the pump and causing damage.
Priming Pump
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 142
Because the fire appartus is equipped with a centrifugal pump, it will have a priming pump; the oil reserves of this pump most likely must be checked daily. Some of these pumps allow a small amount of oil to enter the centrifugal pump during priming opera
Aerial Device Inspection
Chpt 6: Performing Apparatus Check-Out & Maintenance Pg 145
NFPA 1911 Standard for the Inspection, Maintenance, Testing, and Retirement of In-Service Automotive Fire Apparatus, requires that aeriel devices be tested annually. The main component of the aerial device is the hydraulic system that powers it. First che
Promoting Safety
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 156
There are several key roles that an effective driver/operator must play. As with all of the positions within the fire service, safety is your first priority. Drivers/operators play an important role in the safety and efficiency of fire service operations.
Educating Crew Members
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 157
Knowing why hazards or dangerous conditions exist makes knowing how to reduce or prevent these conditions easier. When you are positioning the fire apparatus at an emergency scene, you are observing the traffic conditions while approaching the scene. You
Trust & Team Building
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 158
The more the crew knows about the driver/operator's roles and responsibilities, the stronger the crew synergy becomes.
Maintaining a Safe Work Environment
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 158-159
Educating crew member is a major responsibility for any driver/operator. Fire apparatus and equipment operational checks must not only be performed, but also documented by the driver/operator-after all, it's your job. What should you be doing in the cours
Fire Apparatus & Equipment: Functions & Limitations
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 161
Successful driver/operators understand the primary function of each fire apparatus as well as recognize the limitations of the apparatus and the specialized equipment that it carries. Because safety is critical to a successful operation, you must know the
Vehicle Dynamics
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 161
Are critical to the safe operation of the fire apparatus. Weight added or subracted will change the handling characteristics of the fire apparatus as well as the vehicle dynamics.
Fire Apparatus & Equipment Inspections
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 162
The best place to start is with a complete inventory of the fire apparatus. Cleaing equipment is another method of inspection.
Safety Across the Board
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 162-163
No matter what the fire apparatus is used for or which type of emergency scene it may respond to, all fire apparatus are operated in two basic ways: Emergency response, and On-Scene Operations. When responding to an emergency, remember this mantra: It's n
Dispatch
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 163-164
Is the process of sending out emergency response resources promptly to an address or incident location for a specific purpose. Communications center must have at least two seperate ways of notifying each fire station. The primary method may consist of a h
Maps
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 164
Never hesitate to reference you station's map! You should never try to read a map while responding to an emergency. Firefighting is a team concept. Another member of the crew should reference the map and guide you. An MDT is usually the easiest to update
360 Degree Inspection
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 166
It is a quick check of the fire apparatus and its surroundings to ensure that the apparatus is prepared for a response, either to an emergency or a nonemergency. The preliminary inspection must be performed every time that you move the fire apparatus, reg
Starting the Fire Apparatus
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 166-168
Before starting the fire apparatus, always ensure that unneccesary electrical loads are shut off (ie. headlights, heater, a/c). Verify that the parking brake is set. This brake is required by NFPA 1901, to hold the fire apparatus on at least 20 percent gr
Seat Belt Safety
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 168
NFPA 1901, requires that all seats of fire apparatus be enclosed and provided with an approved seat belt. It also requires the driver/operator not to move the fire apparatus until all persons on the vehicle are seated and secured with seat belts in approv
Loading Hose
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 168-169
Fire departments that condone the practice must have written a SOP in place that covers certain safety aspects of the operation. One member will be the safety observer. The are not permitted to physically load the hose. They must have an unobstructed view
Tiller Training
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 169
Operating a tiller apparatus is a unique skill that must be taught while the vehicle is in motion.
Getting Underway
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 169-170
Compartment-door indicator lights are activated only if the fire apparatus compartment doors are open and the parking brake is in the off position. A 360 degree inspection is always required to ensure safe operation; use these apparatus-mounted systems on
Driving Exercises
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 170-175
The fire appartus should not be driven faster than existing conditions permit or at a speed greater than can be maintained with safety. During an emergency response, you may have to manuever the fire appartus around objects at the scene, or parked vehicle
Performing a Serpentine Manuever
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 175
As part of the serpentine maneuver exercise, a minimum of three marker cones are spaced 30-38 feet apart in a line.
Performing a Confined-Space Turnaround
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 175
When responding, you may inadvertently pass a street on which you should have turned. When this situation occurs, the best course is to drive the fire apparatus around the confines of the roadway. NFPA 1002, requires that all driver/operators complete an
Performing a Diminshing Clearance Exercise
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 177
The most common obstruction on an emergency scene is parked cars. NFPA 1002, requires that all driver/operators complete an exercise that simulates a restricted horizontal and vertical clearance for a fire apparatus. You must be capable of judging the ver
Reversing the Fire Apparatus
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 180-182
For most fire departments, the largest number of fire apparatus accidents are related to backing up fire appartus. A spotter is a person who guides the driver/operator into the appropriate position while the apparatus is operating in a confined space or i
Shutting Down the Fire Apparatus
Chpt 7: Pumper Operations Pg 183
All of the electrical loads should be turned off first. Next, shift the transmission into neutral and engage the parking brake. If needed, allow the fire apparatus to sit idle for 3-5 minutes to cool down before shutting it off. Failure to adequately cool
Emergency Vehicle Laws
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 193
Each fire department is governed by different sets of state laws and local regulations taht apply to emergency vehicles. A lack of knowledge regarding the applicable emergency vehicle driving laws is not an excuse for disobeying them. Fire fighters who ar
Safe Driving Practices
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 194-195
While driving down hills, you should rely on the engine and the auxillary braking device to slow down the fire apparatus. If only the fire apparatus brakes are used to control the speed of the fire apparatus, they may heat up to the point where they becom
Centrifugal Force
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 196
It is the tendency for objects to be pulled outward when rotating around a center. The centrifugal force will try to keep the fire apparatus going in a straight line while you are making the turn. When the apparatus travels on a curve, however, the center
Critical Speed
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 196
Every curve in a road has critical speed. If the fire apparatus is traveling faster than the critical speed, it will not be capable of completing the turn and will go off the road or roll over. Prevention is the key - so slow down.
NFPA 1901
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 196
Bridges and overpasses are obstacles that you must be aware of before the emergency response begins. The standard requires a fire apparatus to have labels in the cab that identify the height of the vehicle. Under no circumstances should you attempt to ope
Defensive Driving Practices
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 197
Defensive drivers are safer than aggressive drivers. Making sure that there are at least 3 seconds between the fire apparatus and the car ahead of it gives you enough time and distance to respond to any problems that occur ahead of you. While responding i
Total Stopping Distance
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 197
The distance that it takes for you to recognize the hazard, process the need to stop the fire apparatus, apply the brakes, and then come to a complete stop.
Reaction Distance
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 197
The distance that the fire apparatus travels after you recognize the hazard, remove your food from teh accelerator, and apply the brakes.
Braking Distance
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 197
The distance that the fire apparatus travels from the time that the brakes are activated until the fire apparatus makes a complete stop. Fire apparatus that are maintained in optimal condition are capable of coming to a complete stop more quickly than fir
Liquid Surge
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 197
Dirver/Operators must also be awar of the term liquid surge and know how it relates to driving, especially for fire apparatus that carry water. It is the movement of liquid inside a container as the container is moved. To reduce the effects of liquid surg
Skid
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 197-198
Traveling at high speeds even under normal conditions will increase the possibility of a skid if the fire apparatus must complete a turn or stop suddenly. Although adverse weather conditions such as rain and ice contribute to skidding, poor driving skills
Intersections
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 198
During an emergency response, intersections present the greatest potential danger to fire apparatus. Proceed through intersection only when you can account for all the lanes of traffic at the intersection. In some cases, you mave to slow down to less than
Approaching the Scene of an Emergency
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 199
All emergency scenes have one thing in common: They are all dynamic in nature. You should slow down, idenfity the correct address/location, and recognize any potential hazards.
Identify the Address/Location
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 199
In rural areas, many fire departments rely on the knowledge of the fire department members. They may use local landmarks and old terminology to locate an emergency site. While this approach is not the preferred method to find emergency locations, in some
Recognize Potential Hazards
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 200
Do not become complacent; always be aware of your surroundings.
Fire Screen Positioning
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 200
While approaching a fire scene, you should attempt to view at least three sides of teh structure. To do so, you may have to drive slightly past the structure.
Nothing Showing
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 200
When nothing is showing as the first-arriving units are approaching the incident, the emphasis should be on the proper positioning of the fire apparatus. This initial placement should allow members to effect an investigation and allow for future operation
Working Fire
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 200-201
Once the fire apparatus arrives at a working fire, the driver/operator must position it for maximum potential benefit. Efficient fire apparatus placement must begin with the arrival of the first-responding fire apparatus. In contrast, improper placement o
Staging
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 201-202
NFPA 1561, Standard on Emergency Services Incident Management System, identifies the need to provide a standard system to manage reserves of responders and other resources at or near the scene of the incident. Staging is the standard procedure used to man
Level I Staging
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 202
Is in effect for all first alarm assignments, or incidents involving three or more units. During Level I staging, the only units that proceed directly to the scene of a working structure fire are the first-due engine, ladder, and chief. All other units st
Level II Staging
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 202
Is utilized on second or greater alarms or when mutual aid units report to an incident. This type of staging places all reserve resources in a central location and automatically requires the implementation of a staging area manager.
Staging Area Manager
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 202
Is the person responsible for maintaining the operations of the staging area. When this position is not designated, the first fire officer to the Level II staginig area will assume this role.
Staging Area
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 202
Is an area away from the incident where units will park until requested to enter the emergency scene. No other fire apparatus positioned in the Level II staging area should leave its emergency lights on. All incoming resources into the staging area are lo
Engines & Ladders
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 203
Never assume that these two types of units can be posistioned in the same way. Position the fire apparatus according to its function - not in the order in which it arrives on the fire ground. It is imperative that the engine company establish a water supp
Rescue Potential
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 203
Rescue is the first priority for every responding fire apparatus. If civilians are potentially trapped inside the structure upon arrival, you should ensure that the front of the structure is available for the ladder apparatus. For efficient and safe contr
Exposures
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 203
When exposure protection is necessary upon arrival, do not position the fire apparatus between the fire and the exposure. Usually, a distance of 30' is sufficient to allow the unit to operate, yet remain a safe distance from the fire. Many fire fighters h
Collapse Zone
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 203
That is a distance of 1 1/2 times the height of the building in which fire fighters and fire apparatus must not be located in case of a building collapse. In buildings with bowstring trusses, identification of an even larger area as the collapse zone may
Corner Safe Areas
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 204
In some circumstances, the fire apparatus should be positioned in one of the corner safe areas of the fire ground. Positioning the ladder apparatus at the corner safe areas of a buliding affords coverage on two fronts. This strategy enables coverage of a
Fire Condidtions
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 204
The first attack line - the most important attack line on the fire ground. You should not position the fire apparatus with the pre-connect attack line directly in front of the building's entrance. The engine should be placed past the structure, with the f
Water Supply
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 204
First-due engine companies approaching the scene with any evidence of a working fire in a structure should secure a water supply. The next-in engine company may be too far away or encounter a delay while responding to perform this task. When there is an o
Slope
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 204
NFPA 1901, requires that fire apparatus have two wheel chocks mounted in readily accessible locations, each designed to hold the fire apparatus when loaded to its maximum in-service weight, on a 20 percent grade with the transmission in neutral and the pa
Wind Conditions
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 204
Place the fire apparatus out of the oncoming smoke and heat. Most aerial devices are designed to be operated in winds up to 50 mi/h without any reduction in tip load.
Overhead Obstructions
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 204-205
Do not be intimidated by overhead wires when the situation clearly calls for the use of the aerial device; rather, exercise caution. All aerial devices should remain a minimum of 10' from all overhead wires. Use caution when operating around trees, as an
Preincident Plan
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 205
It is described by the NFPA 1620, as a document developed by gathering general and detailed data used by responding personnel to determine the resources and actions neccessary to mitigate anticipated emergencies at a specific facility.
Command Vehicles
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 206
Is one that the chief uses to respond to the fire scene. This vehicle should be positioned at a location that will allow maximum visibility of the fire building and surrounding area.
Ambulances
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 206
These vehicles should be parked in a safe position that will provide the most effective treatment and transportation of fire victims and firefighting personnel, while not blocking other apparatus or interfering with firefighting operations. Ambulance driv
Positioning at an Intersection or ona Highway
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 206
According to the U.S. Fire Administration, the fifth leading cause of fatal injuries to fire fighters in 2005 was being struck by an object. This type of fire fighter fatality is not uncommon.
Never Trust Traffic
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 206
Fire fighters should exit the apparatus on the curb side or the nontraffic side whenever possible. Never turn your back on oncoming traffic for extended periods of time.
Engage in Proper Protective Parking
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 206
Never allow convenience to compromise safety. When possible, position the fire apparatus at a 45-degree angle away from the curbside to direct motorists around the scene.
Reduce Motorist Vision Impariment
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 207-208
Understand that emergency vehicle lighting provides a warning only and does not ensure effective traffic control, which entails protecting the emergency scene from oncoming traffic by redirecting, blocking, or stopping all moving vehicles. Most state law
Emergency Light Colors & Reactions
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 193
Red - usually identifies the need to stop, however, it may also attract those drivers who are under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol as well as fatigued drivers.
Blue - identifies the fire apparatus as being associated with either fire or police. It
Wear High-Visibility Reflective Vests
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 208
Turnout gear does not adequately identify a fire fighter who is operating in or near traffic conditions. Fire fighters should wear ANSI- approved reflective vests
Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 208
Under federal law, each state is required to adopt the provisions in this manual. Section 61, "The Control of Traffic through Incident Management Areas." applies to all incidents that fire fighters might encounter on or near the roadway.
Traffic Incidents
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 208-209
It is an emergency traffic occurrence, a natural disaster, or other unplanned event that affects or impedes the normal flow of traffic. Within 15 minutes of arriving on the scene of a traffic incident, the IC should estimate the magnitude of the incident.
Major Traffic Incidents
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 209
Include fatal crashes involving multiple vehicles, hazardous materials incidents on the highway, and other disasters. They usually require closing all or part of the highway for a period exceeding 2 hours.
Intermediate Traffic Incidents
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 209
Are less severe in nature and usually affect the lanes of travel for 30 minutes to 2 hours.
Minor TRaffic Incidents
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 209
May involve minor crashes and disabled vehicles. Lane closures are kept to a minimum and are less than 30 minutes in duration.
Traffic Incident Management Area (TIMA)
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 209
MUTCD defines as an area of highway where temporary traffice controls are imposed by authorized officials in response to a traffic incident, natural disaster, hazardous material spill, or other unplanned incident. Area is further subdivided into the follo
Motor Vehicle Accidents (MVA)
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 210
MVA's in rural area and highways may have quite different outcomes; they are usually very serious and result in great damage to both the vehicles and the passengers. Do not weave the fire apparatus in and out of traffic to gain access to the scene.
Positioning at an Intersection
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 210
Motor vehicle accidents are more likely to occur at an intersection than anywhere else. A unique hazard that is present with an accident in an intersection is large groups of people attempting to help the accident victims. Traffic control should be the fi
Positioning on a Highway
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 212
The safety of the fire fighters should always be the first priority - not the continuous flow of traffic. If possible use the largest, heaviest fire apparatus (usually the ladder apparatus) as the first blockers.
Vehicle Fires
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 212
The majority of vehicle fires result in a total loss. Always position the fire apparatus at least 30' away from all involved vehicles. You do not want smoke or flammable liquids to compromise the safe operation of the fire apparatus. You should position t
Railroads
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 212
NEVER park the fire apparatus on top of the railroad tracks.
Positioning at the Emergency Medical Scene
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 212
The first priority when arriving at an EMS scene is to provide a protected environment for fire fighters to work in. Ideally, the driver/operator should position the fire apparatus either 100' before or after the address. Do not position the fire apparatu
Control Zones
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 213
When responding to special emergency incidents and preparing to position the apparatus, the driver/operator must consider the control zone - area at an incident that are considered hot, warm or cold, based on the severity of the incident.
Hazardous Material Incident
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 213
The first course of action at any hazardous material incident is to isolate the area and prevent anyone from entering it.
Building Collapse
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 213
During this type of incident, the primary danger to fire fighters and fire apparatus is secondary collapse.
Trench Collapse
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 213
Once a trench fails, the probability of secondary collapse is quite high. For this reason, first-arriving units should be positioned no closer than 150' from the trench. All other incoming nonessential apparatus should stage at least 200' from the trench.
Terrorism
Chpt 8: Approaching the Fire Ground Pg 213
These types of incidents may present as an explosion, a building collapse, release of radioactive material, or any other potential hazard.
Supply Lines
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 220
Sizes include 2 1/2", 3", 4", 5", and 6" hoses. CHECK HFD HOSE GUIDELINES
Size of Hose
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 220
The nominal hose refers to the inside diameter of the hose when it is filled with water.
Smaller-Diameter Hose (SDH)
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 220
Ranges in size from 1" to 2". Many fire department vehicles are equipped with a reel of 3/4" or 1" hard rubber hose called a booster hose. The hose that is most commonly used to attack interior residential structure fires is either 1 1/2" or 1 3/4". Some
Medium-Diameter Hose (MDH)
Has a diameter of 2 1/2". Hose in this size range can be used as either supply lines or attach lines. When used as an attack line, the 3" size is more often usesd to deliver water to a master stream device or a fire department connection. Thses hose sizes
Large-Diameter Hose (LDH)
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 220-221
Has a diamter or 3 1/2" or more. Standard LDH sizes include 4" and 5" diameters. The largest LDH size is 6" in diameter. Standard lengths of either 50' or 100' are available for LDH. Attack hose must withstand higher pressures and is designed to be used i
Attack Hose
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 222
Medium diameter (2 1/2") hose is most often used for heavy interior attack lines and for certain types of exterior attacks.
1 1/2" & 1 3/4" Attack Hose
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 222
Both use the same 1 1/2" couplings. Handlines of this size can usually be operated by one fire fighter, although having a second person on the line makes it much easier to advance and control the hose. The primary difference between these hoses is the amo
2 1/2" Attack Hose
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 222
A 2 1/2" handline is generally considered to deliver flow of approximately 250 GPM. It takes at least two fire fighters to safely control this size of handline owing to the weight of the hose and the water and the nozzle reaction force. A 50' length of dr
Booster Hose
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 222
The normal flow from a 1" booster hose is in the range of 40 GPM to 50 GPM, which is not an adequate flow fro extinguishing structure fires.
Supply Hose
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 222
Supply lines range from 2 1/2" to 6" in diameter. When threaded hose couplings are used, this hose can be laid out from the hydrant to the fire (known as the forward lay) or from the fire to the hydrant (known as a reverse lay). When 2 1/2" hose is used a
Soft Suction Hose
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 223
The hose can range from 4" to 6" in diameter and is usually between 10' and 25' in length.
Hard Suction Hose
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 223
Hard suction hose normally comes in 10' or 20' sections. The diameter of this type of hose is based on the capacity of the pump and can be as large as 6".
Fire Hose Appliances
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 223
Is any device used in conjunction with a fire hose for the purpose of delivering water. Many hose appliances can be employed with both supply lines and attack lines.
Wyes
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 223
Unless the wye is preassembled to the hose line, you should use the foot-tilt method to connect the wye to the hoseline. The wye that is most commonly used in the fire service has one 2 1/2" inlet and splits into two 1 1/2" outlets.
Gated Wye
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 223-225
The use of a gated wye avoids the need to shut down the hose line supplying the wye while attaching this second line. Using this appliance may change the required pressure for the attack line.
Water Thief
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 225
It is used primarily on attack lines. The water that comes from a single 2 1/2" inlet can be directed to two 1 1/2" outlets and one 2 1/2" outlet. Under most conditions, it will not be possible to supply all three outlets at the same time because the capa
Siamese Connection
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 225
Is a hose appliance that combines two hose lines into one. The most commonly encountered type of Siamese connection combines two 2 1/2" hose lines into a single 2 1/2" hose line. Once the connection is attached to the pump, connect first one hose line and
Adapters
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 225-226
Are used for connecting hose couplings that have the same diameter but dissimilar threads. Double male and double female adapters are often used when performing a reverse hose lay.
Reducers
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 226
Is used to attach a smaller-diameter hose to a larger-diameter hose. Usually the larger end has a female connection and the smaller end has a male connection.
Hose Jacket
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 226
Is also called a burst hose jacket. It is a device that is placed over a section of hose to stop a leak. Of course, the best way to handle a leak in a section of hose is to replace the defective section of hose. This device should be used only in cases wh
Hose Clamp
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 227
Ensure that the clamp is opened slowly so it does not injure you or cause water hammer.
Valves
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 227
The imortant thing to remember when opening and closing any valve or nozzle is to do it s-l-o-w-l-y so as to prevernt water hammer.
Ball Valves
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 227
Are the most common discharge valve found on fire pumps.
Nozzles
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 228
Are attached to the discharge end of attack lines to give fire streams shape and direction. Low volume nozzles flow 40 GPM or less, Handline nozzles are used on hose lines ranging from 1 1/2" to 2 1/2" in diameter, and streams usually flow at a rate betwe
Nozzle Shut-Offs
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 228
The most commonly encountered nozzle shut-off mechanism is a quarter-turn valve.
Smooth-Bore Nozzles
This type of nozzle has a londer reach than a comination fog nozzle operating at a straight stream setting. It is also capable of deeper penetration into burning materials, resulting in quicker fire knockdown and extinguishment. They operate at lower pres
Fog-Stream Nozzles
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 230
They produce fine droplets of water. The advantage of creating these droplets of water is that they absorb heat much more quickly and efficiently than does a solid column of water. Discharging 1 gallon of water in 100 ft of involved interior space will pr
Adjustable-Gallonage Fog Nozzle
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 230
Once a setting is chosen, the nozzle will deliver the rated flow only as long as the rated pressure is provided at the nozzle.
Water Curtain Nozzles
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 232
The water curtains must be directed onto the exposed building because radiant heat can pass through the water curtain.
Fire Hose Evolutions
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 232
It is the driver/operator's responsibility to secure a water source upon arrival on the scene.
Forward Hose Lay
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 233
Is most often used by the first-arriving engine company at the scene of a fire. After the fire fighter either wraps the hose around the hydrant or places a strap around it to secure the hose, they singal the driver/operator to continue. You then proceed t
Cab Procedures
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 236
When approaching the scene, you as the driver/operator should position the fire apparatus according to your fire department's policies and turn the front wheels toward the curb on a 45 degree angle. If no curb is present, you should still position the whe
Exiting the Cab
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 237
Once the pump is engaged, upon exiting the cab of the fire apparatus your first task is to chock the wheels of the fire apparatus. Next, you need to circulate water into the pump. Once the pump is primed, open the "tank refill" valve. This valve allows wa
Tip
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 237
Prior to opening the first discharge valve and charging the attack line, remember to close the tank fill valve. Failure to do so will cause the pump to treat the tank fill as a discharge, causing your pump discharge pressure settings to be incorrect.
Securing a Water Source
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 239
As the driver/operator, securing a wter source upon you crew's arrival on the scene is one of your primary responsibilities.
Hand Lay
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 239
Occurs when you position the engine close to the fire scene and deploy the supply hose from the bed of the fire apparatus to the hydrant either yourself or with very little assistance from other fire fighters. Your goal is to minimize sharp turns ans twis
Tip
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 241
Deploying the hose in a "S shape" is the best approach, as it will both decrease the chance of blocking the road and minimize or eliminate any kinks in the hose.
Connecting Supply Hose Lines to Standpipe & Sprinkler Systems
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 241-143
The function of the hose line in this case is to provide either a primary or secondary water supply for the sprinkler or stanpipe system. Two types of standpipe systems exist: A dry standpipe system depends on the fire department to provide all of the wat
Performing a Changeover
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 247
The goal is to have a fluctuation that does not exceed 10 psi. Slowly open the valve from the external water source, which will introduce water into the pump. Once this valve has been fully opened, close the tank-to-pump valve.
Duties on Scene
Chpt 9: Responding on the Fire Ground Pg 249
During pumping operations, if you discover that the engine temperature is increasing, you need to take steps to reduce this temperature. First, shut down or turn off all unnecessary loads on the engine, such as the air conditioning system and external lig
Draft
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 257
Get water from a static source. When you are called upon to draft and supply an uninterrupted flow of water from a static water source - present some of the most challenging operating conditions that you and your fire pumper will face.
Atmospheric Pressure
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 257
Pressure caused by the weight of the atmosphere, is 14.7 psi at sea level. As you move up in elevation, the supply pressure decreases because as the atmosphere thins, the pressure drops approx half 1 psi for every 1000 feet of elevation above sea level. T
Vacuum
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 257
When you engage the primer, you begin pumping air out of the fire pump. This creates a vacuum, which is any pressure less than atmospheric pressure. As the vacuum increases in the hose, the atmospheric pressure in it decreases, which results in greater pr
Mechanics of Drafting
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 258
A fire pumper in good condition should be able to develop a vacuum equal to about 22 inches Hg. This equates to the ability to lift water approx 24.8' or more, the discharge capacity of the fire pump is severely restricted due to the amount of vacuum bein
Dependable Lift
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 258
Is the height that a column of water can be lifted in a quantity considered sufficient to provide reliable fire flow, it is generally considered to be 15'.
Priming Pump
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 258
Is a positive-displacement pump used to remove the air from the fire pump during priming. If the priming pump runs out of lubricating oil, you will not be able to prime the pump. When you check the primer oil level in the reservoir, you should also confir
Performing a Vacuum Test
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 260-261
The best way to assess the operational readiness of the priming system is to conduct a vacuum test periodically. NFPA 1901, lists the very specific conditions for this test when performed for the certification of the new fire pump. You must hold the prime
Finding a Vacuum Leak
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 261
Vacuum leakage in excess of the amount specified by NFPA 1901 may cause problems during the process of obtaining or maintaining a prime when you are attempting to lift water more than 10', or when you are pumping a relatively small volume of water.
Water Supply Management in the Incident Management System
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 261-262
Water supply management is a vital part of any fire incident and can become a major part of the Incident Management System in scenarios where a reliable public or private water system is not available. Water supply officers should be given a priority on a
Selecting a Drafting Site
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 263
When drafting water is the chosen method for providing that supply, the process of selecting an appropriate drafting site must involve determining the reliability of a static water source.
Determining the Reliability of Static Water Sources
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 263
It is very important to evaluate the reliability of a static water source before committing a fire pumper to draft from it. Several factors must be considered when you are determining the reliability of a static water source - namely, accessibility, quant
Calculating Available Water in a Nonmoving Source
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 263-264
Multiplying the length (L) times the width (W), times the depth (D), times a constant (C), yields the quantity of water (Q) that is available. The constant is 7.5 for the U.S. system of measurement, reflecting the fact that there is 7.48 gallons in one cu
Evaluating Water Quality of a Static Source
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 264
The next step in determinig the reliability of a static water source is to consider the quality of the water in the static source.
Accessibility to the Static Water Source
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 264
Soil conditions and site specific obstructions can affect your ability to position the fire apparatus close enough to draft.
Special Accessiblity Considerations
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 265-266
You must be sure that the bridge is designed to support the weight of the fire apparatus, however. You should also evaluate the height of the lift - that is, the vertical distance from the water level to the center of the fire pumper. Lifting water more t
Operational Considerations for Site Selection
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 266
Whenever you have multiple, strong options for possible drafting sites, the best choice is determined by the location and the purpose of the drafting operation. If your purpose for drafting is to supply a water shuttle or to be the source pumper in a rela
Making a Connection
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 267
Many times a hand-tight connection will be sufficient. Using a rubber mallet to tighten the connections, however, will provide a strong seal and ensure that they do not loosen when they are being moved around during placement. It is important to ensure th
Barrel Strainer
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 267
Is most commonly used for deep water sources in which you are confident that the strainer will not be able to contact the bottom of the source or large debris fields. They are cyllindrically shaped and generally 10" to 16" long and made of aluminum. When
Low-Level Strainer
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 267
The low-level strainer is designed for use in clean, shallow water sources. It is used primarily when drafting from portable tanks because the water is free from debris and the strainer can touch the bottom without fear of dirt or silt entering the pump.
Floating Strainer
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 268
It is designed to operate below the surface scum, and above the weeds, dirt, and silt in the water source. It is important to ensure that the strainer is completely immersed in the water so that air will not be drawn into the pump. These are also designed
Preparing to Operate at Draft by Priming the Pump
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 270
The first step is preparing to draft from a water source is to prime the pump. The process of the atmospheric pressure outside the pump pressing down on the water source, which causes water to rise and replace the air being pumped out, continues until all
Drafting Operations
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 270
Before you start supplying water to handlines, master streams, or a relay pumping operation, you will need to establish a dump line. It is a small-diameter hose line (booster line, 1 3/4" hose, or 1 1/2" hose) that remains in the open position and continu
Producing the Flow of Water
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 271-273
Whether you are supplying attack lines or are supplying water for the fire attack pumper, make sure the crews know that you are ready to start flowing water before you open the discharge valve. You will have to increase the engine speed by increasing the
Complications during Drafting Operations
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 273
The driver/operator must continually observe the in-take pressure while drafting. They must also continuously observe the engine and pump temperature gauges. Open and close the cooling lines as recommended by your fire apparatus manufacturer to prevent en
Cavitation
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 273-274
Occurs when you attempt to flow water faster than it is being supplied to the pump. Cavitation during drafting operations is usually caused by a vacuum leak, which introduces air into the intake water supply. When the supply pressure is reduced to the poi
Steps to Follow if Cavitation Occurs
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 2274-275
1) Check the water aound the intake screen on the hard supply hose. The number one cause of cavitation during drafting is formation of a whirlpool above the intake screen, which in turn draws air into the intake hose. 2) Check the vacuum reading on the ma
Uni75nterrupted Water Supply
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 275
Establishing an uninterrupted water supply is one of the most important objectives for any IC.
Relay Pumping Operations
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 275
It can be one of the most complex because it requires at least two pumpers, and sometimes as many as four, to form a relay.
Components of a Relay Pumping Operation
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 275
One fire pumper is located at a water source; it is called the source pumper. The other fire pumper is at the fire scene; it is called the attack pumper. Any other fire pumpers that are between these two apparatus and are positioned to maintain flow press
Source Pumper
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 275
The source pumper is the most important pumper in a relay because it is located at a water source and supplies the water to the entire incident. It should consist of the largest fire pump of the units assigned to the relay pumping operation, thereby ensur
Attack Pumper
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 276
It is usually the first unit on the scene of an incident, and its operation will dictate how much water will be needed, based on how many GPM the fire attack requires. If it is being positioned in an area that has limited access, it is generally recommend
Relay Pumpers
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 276
They cannot increase the volume of water (GPM) bein pumped; it can only increase the pressure because the source pumper provides the flow (quantity) based on the volume being discharged by the attack pumper.
Equipment for Relay Pumping Operations
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 277
It is highly recommended that large-diameter hose be used whenever possible. No matter which size hose you are using to supply water from the source pumper, each pumper in the relay operation and the attack pumper must be equipped with the intake relief v
Personnel for Relay Pumping Operations
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 277
A minimum of two crew members should be assigned to each fire pumper if the pumper will be exposed to moving traffic and other hazards around the fire apparatus.
Preparing for a Relay Pumping Operation
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 277
The length of a relay pumping operation is primarily determined by the distance that the water source is from the incident. The amount of water required by the attack pumper and the size of the supply line can also affect whether a relay pumper is require
Types of Relay Pumping Operations
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 279
Two basic types of relay pumping operations are performed. The first type of relay pumping operation is called a calculated flow relay. This type of relay is the most common, as it uses actual flow calculations to determine the quantity of water required.
Operating the Source Pumper
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 279
The relay pumping operation starts at the source pumper and is where the largest fire pump should be located. When setting up a source pumper at a static water source, you must consider the maximum amount of water available for the operation.
Operating the Attack Pumper
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 280
The pressure from the incoming water supply will increase the discharge pressure to the hose lines unless you decrease the throttle rate. If you need more flow, contact the personnel providing the supply quickly to communicate your needs, but do not try t
Operating the Relay Pumper
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 280
Your tank-to-pump valve should be closed and the pump recirculating valve should be open.
Relay Valve
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 281
Lets you hook up into the relay without shutting down the entire relay operation.
Pressure Fluctuations in a Relay Pumping Operation
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 282
Mechanical failures or an increase or decrease in hose line flows, for example, can cause pressure fluctuations.
Shutting Down a Relay Pumping Operation
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 282
When shutting down the relay pumping operation, the attack pumper acts first. It is important to keep the hose lines flowing water while you shut down a relay, as this will prevent fluctuations in water pressure throughout the entire relay pumping operati
Safety for Relay Pumping Operations
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 283
Safety is the utmost concern in any operation and cannot be overlooked when conducting relay pumping operations. Incident safety is improved when crew members have the appropriate training, knowledge of how the equipment works, and practice in using it.
Water Shuttle
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 283
A specialized vehicle called a tanker or a tender is used for this operation. While the National Incident Management System uses the term "tender," the "tanker" label is still widely used in the fire service on a national basis. A water shuttle does not j
Fill Sites
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 283
The only difference between a fill site and a static water source for drafting is the distance from the incident.
Fill Sites in Inaccessible Areas
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 286
Most of the portable pumps will flow at a maximum rate of only 250 GPM, so using a dump line will not be possible. You will not be able to use control valves to stop teh flow of water at any point while the pump is running, so you should consider putting
Portable Floating Pumps
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 286
You must first place the floating pump in the water before you start it, because it will automatically prime, begin to draft, and start pumping the hose line very quickly. Consider using multipler floating portable pumps to fill multiple portable tanks be
Filling Tankers
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 287
Be sure that the tank fill valves are open on the tanker before you open the control point valves to fill the tank. It is easy to overlook the step of opening these valves, but by doing so you will waste valuable time. Once the tank is completely full on
Safety for Water Shuttle Operations
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 287
Tankers were never intended to be driven under emergency conditions and at a high rates of speed. Unfortunately, most personnel are not familiar with the handling characteristics of these large vehicles and do not make adjustments to their driving habits
Establishing Dump Site Opeartions
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 287
The ideal dump site location is close enough that the source pumper can supply the attack pumper(s) without a relay pumper, but not so close that the tankers cannot access it.
Dump Valve
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 289
It is a large opening, which can be as large as 12" to 16," that is connected directly to the tank that allows it to be emptied quickly, in some cases within 1 minute.
Offloading Tankers
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 290
In older tankers, the water is released manually by personnel at the dump tank. This is one of the most common methods used to offload a tanker. The tanker must still be positioned at the portable tank, but the dump valve (5-6") is opened manually by a fi
Jet Dumping
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 290
Starts when the vehicle's tank is pressurized; once it reaches the predetermined pressure, the contents - water in this case - are forced out under pressure.
Use of Multiply Portable Tanks
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 290
When the tanks are set up, they are positioned starting at the high point of the ground and then going down slope. Remember, the main objective is to keep the water moving toward the tank being used for drafting.
Jet Siphon Adapters
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 290
Use the hard suction hose as a pathway for flowing water that is being forced through the hose by Venturi forces.
Source Pumper Considerations for Portable Tank Operations
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 290-291
When only one tank is being used, the tanker operator must use care not to dump the water on or near the strainer, as introduction of the water creates air turbulence when it enters the tank.
Traffic Flow Within A Dump Site
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 291
The portable tanks should have been placed in as open an area as possible so that you can easily manuever around the site.
Nurse Tanker Operations
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 292
A nurse tanker operation is set up when there is no room to establish a dump site, a relay operation, or a combination of the two. It can be performed at the start of an incident as a way to provide water to the attack pumper while the relay or fill-and-d
Water Shuttle Operations in the Incident Management System
Chpt 10: Water Supply Pg 292
Having a sustainable water supply is a vital part of any fire incident scene.
Foam
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 298-299
The National Institute of Standars and Technology has determined taht foam is three to five times more effective than plain water in extinguishing fires. The introduction of alcohol-resistant foams allowed flexibility in dealing with the many types of fue
Foam Proportioner
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 298
It is a device that mixes the foam concentrate into the fire system in the proper percentage.
Aeration
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 299
The expansion of foam solution depends on good mechanical agitation and effective aeration.
Chemical Foams
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 299
They are produced through a reaction between two chemicals, like the one that took place in the chemical foam extinguishers used in the 1800's. Today this type of foam is rarely used because it requires the combination of two different chemicals before th
Mechanical Foams
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 299
They are produced when water and foam concentrate are mixed in the appropriate amounts (proportioned).
Surface Tension
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 299
Hydrocarbon fuels, such as gasoline, jet fuel, and kerosene, have a lower surface tension than water.
Foam Concentrate
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 300
When mixed with water, the surface tension is reduced, allowing the foam solution to float on the surface of the fuel.
Knockdown Speed and Flow
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 300
It is the time required for a foam blanket to spread out across a fuel surface.
Fuel Resistance
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 301
Is foam's ability to minimize fuel pick-up, which is the absorption of the burning fuel into the foam itself. When used on polar solvent fuels, foam must also be alcohol resistant. Given the facts that alcohol readily mixes with water and that foam is mos
Class A Foams
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 301-302
They are used on ordinary combustible materials such as wood, textiles, and paper; they are also effective on organic materials such as straw and hay. They are often referred to as wetting agents. They can extinguish a fire as much as 20 times faster than
Class B Foams
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 302
They are used on hydrocarbon, combustible fuels, or polar solvent fires. They are divided into the following categories: protein foams, fluoroprotein foams, and alcohol-resistant film-forming fluoroprotein foam (AR-FFFP).
Protein Foams
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 302
These foams must be properly aspirated, however; thus they should not be used with non-aspirating structural fog nozzles. Regular protein foams have slower knockdown characteristics than other concentrates, but they provide a long-lasting foam blanket aft
Fluoroprotein Foams
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 302
FP is effective for subsurface application to hydrocarbon fuel storage tanks. Because they must be properly aspirated, these foams should not be used with non-aspirating structural fog nozzles.
Alcohol-Resistant Film-Forming Fluoroprotein Foams
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 303-304
It can be used on both hydrocarbon and water-soluble fuels. AR-FFFP is basically FFFP with a polysaccharide polymer additive. Whereas polar solvents will destroy FFFP, the polymer in AR-FFFP forms a membrane to separate the polar solvent from the foam bla
Synthetic Foams
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 303
Aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) requires a low-energy source to produce high-quality foam. Because of the versatility of AFFF, it is used by the majority of municipal and airport fire departments in the United States.
Foam Concentrates
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 305
Military-use specifications and cost are some of the basic factors that determine the percentage of concentrate used in any particular situation. The trend in the industry is to reduce foam concentrate percentages as low as possible. Lower proportioning r
Foam Expansion Rates
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 305
The air inside the bubbles makes up the expanded part of the finished foam. NFPA 11 classifies foam concentrates into three expansion ranges: low, medium, and high.
Low-Expansion Foam
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 305
Has a foam expansion ratio of up to 20:1.
Medium-Expansion Foam
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 305
Has a foam expansion ratio in the range of 20:1 to 200:1. Foams with expansion ratios between 30:1 and 55:1 have been found to produce the optimal foam blanket for vapor mitigation of highly reactive chemicals and low-boiling-point organics.
High-Expansion Foam
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 305
Has a foam expansion ratio in the range of 200:1 to 1000:1.
Proportioning Foam Concentrate
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 306
This mixture or percentage is based on the type of foam concentrate being used, the type of material involved in the incident, and the type of equipment used to produce the finished foam.
Batch Mixing
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 306
Class A foam concentrates that are batched mixed must be used within 24 hours to be effective.
Pump-Mounted Eductors
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 308
Those mounted permanently to the fire pump are dedicated to one foam discharge; such pump-mounted eductors are in-line devices dedicated to producing foam only.
Bypass Eductors
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 308
They are permanently mounted appliances that can be used for water or foam application, depending on what is required at the incident scene.
Metering Device
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 308-309
The percentage set on the metering valve will be achieved only if the inlet pressure at the eductor matches the manufacturer's recommended inlet pressure. If the eductor is operated at less than the recommeded inlet pressure, a lower flow of water will go
Operating the In-line Eductor
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 309
The in-line eductor is a very simple, efficient, and inexpensive type of foam proportioner. The eductor is attached to the hose line no more than 150' from the nozzle.
Around-the-Pump Proportioning System
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 309
All discharges will have either foam or water available at the same time. You will not be able to supply some llines with water and other lines with foam simultaneously. It's either one or the other. AP systems operate properly when water is supplied from
Balanced-Pressure Proportioning Systems
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 311
The are extremely versatile and accurate means to deliver foam. In fact, balanced-pressure proportioning is the most common method used for foam system application in today's fire service.
Injection Systems
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 313
These systems are designed for use with Class A foam concentrates and with many Class B foam concentrates, depending on the viscosity of the concentrate. They depend on the water flow for their operation. They will adjust the amount of foam concentrate be
Compressed-Air Foam System
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 314
It is designed for a quick and effective fire attack and exposure protection. This type of system is generally used to generate Class A foam-specifically, to create a high-quality finished foam that clings to vertical surfaces. The weight of the attack li
High-Expansion Generators
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 317
High-expansion foam systems are designed for use in total flooding application and are effective at the following locations: Mines, Warehouses, Aircraft Hangers, Basements, Storage Buildings, Paper Warehouses, Machinery Spaces, Hazardous Wast Facilities,
Smooth-bore Nozzles
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 317
They are the nozzle of choice when using CAFS. Application-not aeration- is the major concern at the discharge of a nozzle using CAFS.
Foam Supplies
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 319
The shelf life of foam concentrate will vary depending on the type of concentrate. Typically, protein concentrate has a shelf life in the range of 7 to 10 years. Synthetic concentrates and high-expansion concentrates have a shelf life of 20 to 25 years.
Class B Foam
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 319
Directing a Class B foam stream into a Class B fire can disrupt the fuel and cause the fire to spread. Class B foam concentrates may not be compatible with each other.
Sweep (Roll-On) Method
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 319
Is should be used only on a pool of flammable product that is on open ground. It may be necessary to move the hose line to a different position to achieve total coverage.
Raindown Method
Chpt 11: Foam Pg 322
When there is no vertical object to use for a blankshot and it would be too dangerous to get close and use the roll-on method. This method might not be effective when wind conditions are unfavorable, and the coverage of the foam needs to be monitored.
Perfomance Tests
Chpt 12: Performance Testing Pg 330
Perfomance testing of pumps is an integral and vital part of fire apparatus safety and maintenance. NFPA 1911 calls for annual service testing of fire apparatus pumps. To pass, the fire apparatus must deliver its original design flow and pressure; must sh
Environmental Requirements
Chpt 12: Performance Testing Pg 331
NFPA 1911 specifies that test must be conducted when the ambient air temperature is between 0 degrees F and 110 degrees F (-18 C and 43 C). Warm water, usually defined as water at a temperature greater than 90 F (32 C), is more likely to cavitate inside t
Ambient Air Temperature
Chpt 12: Performance Testing Pg 331
It is the temperature of teh surrounding medium and usually refers to the temperature of the air in which a structure is situated or a device operates. The water temperature should be between 35 F and 90 F (1.7 C and 32 C) and the air pressure at 29 in HG
Test Site
Chpt 12: Performance Testing Pg 332-334
A vacuum of 1 in Hg is equal to a negative pressure of 03.49 psi; that is, 1 in Hg=.49 psi. A positive pressure of .49 psi at the bottom of a 1 in container will support a column of water that is 1.13' high; therefore, a negative pressure of .49 psi at th
No-Load Governed Engine Speed Test
Chpt 12: Performance Testing Pg 334
If the engine speed is not within +- 50 rpm of the governed speed when the fire apparatus was brand new, this problem must be corrected before proceeding with the additional pump tests. Check the alternator belt tension and the battery charge to ensure th
Guage and Flow Meter Test
Chpt 12: Performance Testing Pg 338
Pressure gauges should be checked at a minimum of three points, including 150 psi, 200 psi, and 250 psi. Any flow meter whose accuracy is off by more than 10 percent must be recalibrated, repaired, or replaced.
Vacuum Test
Chpt 12: Performance Testing Pg 341
It is not a test of the pump's ability to maintain a vacuum while pumping water.
Priming System Test
Chpt 12: Performance Testing Pg 344
For pumps that operate at less than 1500 GPM, the priming device should be able to create the necessary vacuum in 30 seconds to lift water 10' through 20' of suction hose of the appropriate size. The priming device on pumps of 1500 GPM or larger should be
Pumping Test Requirements
Chpt 12: Performance Testing Pg 344
NFPA 1911 requires that if the pump is driven by the engine of the fire apparatus, then engine-driven accessories should not be functionally disconnected or otherwise rendered inoperable during the tests.
Pump Performance Test
Chpt 12: Performance Testing Pg 348-349
In testing the pump, three variable factors come into play; pump speed, net pump pressure, and pump discharge rate. Float-type suction strainers should not be used during the pump performance test because the NFPA standard requires the strainer be submerg
Net Pump Pressure
Chpt 12: Performance Testing Pg 349
It is the sum of the discharge pressure and the suction lift converted to psi or kPa when pumping at a draft, or the difference between the discharge pressure and the intake pressure when pumping at a hydrant or other source of water under positive pressu
Pressure Control Test
Chpt 12: Performance Testing Pg 354
Closing all discharges in less than 3 seconds could cause instantaneoud pressure rises, such that the pressure control device might not be able to respond rapidly enough to avoid damae to the pumping system. Taking more than 10 seconds to close the discha
Post Performance Testing
Chpt 12: Performance Testing Pg 356
After conducting all of the performance tests, it is recommended that you reduce the engine speed of the fire apparatus to idle. This will allow the engine, pump, and transmission to cool down for approx 10 minutes.
Problem Solving
Chpt 12: Performance Testing Pg 357
An improperly adjusted or inoperative transfer valve can prevent the development of adequate pressure.
Re-rating Fire Pumps
Chpt 12: Performance Testing Pg 357
The first condition is when the apparatus is delivered or re-powered with an engine that is capable of supplying additional power beyond that needed by the pump, which warrants a larger capacity rating for the apparatus. The second condition is when the e