What does LCES stand for?
Lookouts
Communications
Escape Routes
Safety Zones
Most incidents happen on relatively small fires or on, (blank), sections of large fires
Isolated sections
Flare-ups generally occur in deceptively, (blank), fuels, such as grass, herbs, & light brush.
Light Fuels
Fires move especially, (blank), uphill in chimneys, drainages, and on steep slopes
Uphill
What are the 4 colored sections in the IRPG?
1. GREEN - Operational guidelines
2. YELLOW - Risk guidelines
3. RED - First Aid guidelines; &
4. BLUE - Aviation guidelines
What are THREE situations that shout, "Watch Out"?
1. Safety zones and escape routes not identified
2. Building a fireline downhill with fire below
3. Wind increases &/ or changes directions
What is Fire Fighting "Order 1"?
Keep informed on fire weather conditions and forecasts.
This includes the following questions:
1. What is the weather in the fire area?
2. What is the weather likely to do?
What is Fire Fighting "Order 2"?
Know what your fire is doing at all times
How many Fire Fighting Orders are there?
10
Standard Fire Fighting Orders 1 through 3 are grouped under the heading, (blank).
Fire Behavior
What are Fire Fighting Orders 1 through 3; referred to as the Fire Behavior group?
Fire Behavior Orders:
1. Keep informed on fire weather conditions & forecasts
2. Know what your fire is doing at all times; &
3. Base all actions on current & expected fire behavior
When fighting a wildfire, before you do anything else, you need to know, (blank):
You need to know what the fire is doing and what it Might do.
Once you know what the fire is doing, you have the information you need to establish your, (blank)
Fireline Safety
What are Fire Fighting Orders 4 through 6; referred to as the Fireline Safety group?
Fireline Safety:
4. Identify escape routes & safety zones, & make them known
5. Post lookouts when there is possible danger
6. Be alert. Keep calm. Think clearly. Act decisively.
Fire Fighting Orders 7 through 9 fall under the category of, (blank). This when prompt communication is established, clear instructions are given, & control is maintained.
Organizational Control
What are Fire Fighting Orders 7 through 9 referred to as Organizational Control?
7. Maintain prompt communications with everyone in the team.
8. Give clear instructions & ensure they are understood; &
9. Maintain control of your forces at all times.
What is Fire Fighting Order 10?
Order 10 is: Fight the Fire aggressively, having provided for safety first. It falls under the heading, Overall Intent.
Once you have sized up the fire (orders 1 through 3), established fireline safety (order 4 through 6), and are part of organizational control (orders 7 through 9) what do you do?
Order 10 - Fight the fire aggressively (overall intent)
Crews should hold off on assignments until, (blank), is included
LCES
Supervisors should post one or more, (blank), to continuously monitor the progress of the fire.
Lookouts
Lookouts should be able to see both the fire and firefighters and understand the fire, (blank), they are seeing.
Fire Behavior
Supervisors must verify, (blank), at the beginning and throughout the work shift.
Communications
An, (blank), is the route firefighters take to reach a safety zone, or safe area, when they are threatened by the advancing fire.
Escape Route
You should have at least, (blank), escape routes.
2
Make escape routes lead to a, (blank), in the black or farther into the green away from the fire.
Safety Zone
Constantly, (blank), escape routes and consider things such as barriers, the terrain, the ROS of the fire, & the physical abilities of your crew members.
Reassess
Escape routes should be marked with hot-pink, (blank).
Flagging tape
If you are running, and the fire is gaining on you, drop any gear you don't need, except your, (blank).
Fire Shelter
Safety zones must contain little or no, (blank), material.
Combustible
To be effective, safety zones must have a radius equal to at least. (blank), times the flame length present in the fire.
4 times
Never put, (blank), in areas where the topography lends itself to faster fire spread, such as slopes, saddles, chutes, or drainages. Also, most roads are not wide enough to be effective safety zones.
SAFETY ZONES
When no surface zones are at hand, you can construct a safety zone by scraping away, (blank), down to mineral soil.
Surface fuels
Do the following THREE thing if you must construct a safety zone:
1. Use mechanized equipment in areas with heavy fuels.
2. Consider burning out a safety zone
3. Use hand tools to improve a constructed safety zone, if necessary.
The IRPG's specific distance recomendations are based on the assumption that there is no, (blank), and no convective heat transfer from wind.
No Slope
Safety zones are, (blank), the same as deployment sites.
NOT
A, (blank), is a location where a threatened firefighter may find refuge from danger without the aid of a fire shelter.
Safety Zone
What are the TWO key characteristics of a deployment site?
1. It is used when your escape routes & safety zones have been compromised.
2. It is your location of last report & will require your fire shelter to air your survival.
Identify THREE examples of safety zones:
1. Constructed areas
2. Natural areas; &
3. The burn
Identify FOUR travel barriers that could affect escape time to a safety zone:
1. Loose soils
2. Vegetation
3. Rocks; &
4. Hills
How many "Watch-out" situations are listed in the IRPG?
18
Identify FOUR good places to locate your fire shelter:
1. In areas with light fuels
2. In wide control lines
3. In burned areas with no re-burn potential
4. In natural firebreaks
NEVER keep you, (blank), inside your pack.
Fire Shelter
When using a fire shelter, pressing your face flat against the, (blank), is the best position to breath clean cool air.
Ground
The New Generation fire shelters have improved, (blank), from both radiant heat and direct flame contact.
Protection
What are the greatest threats that firefighters face during an entrapment?
Burns to the body and inhalation of hot gases that can cause asphyxiation.
The foil outer skin of the fire shelter reflects approximately, (blank), percent of the radiant heat that reaches it.
0.95
As opposed to radiant heat, energy from, (blank), heat (direct flame contact) is rapidly absorbed into the shelter material.
Convective
If radiant or convective heat absorbed by the shelter becomes extreme, shelter materials may begin to melt or, (blank).
Delaminate
DO NOT leave your shelter until you are told to do so by your, (blank).
Supervisor
The limiting factor of the shelter's durability is its, (blank). Shelters cannot endure prolonged periods of direct flame contact.
Melting Temperature
Even when the adhesive totally degrades inside the fire shelter, the main toxicant in the air is the, (blank), from the fire.
Air
When inspecting your fire shelter pay special attention to, (blank), damage on the shelter.
Abrasion Damage
Where are 5 GOOD places to place a fire shelter?
1. Light Fuels
2. Natural firebreaks (e.g. creek beds, rock slide areas)
3. Wide control lines (e.g. dozer lines)
4. Burned areas with no reburn potential; &
5. Areas where the flame front will pass quickly
Once you decide on a specific spot for your fire shelter, clear an area about 4 by 8 feet or larger and scrape the area of vegetation down to, (blank).
Mineral Soil
What are the THREE essential items to include in your fire shelter?
1. Protective clothing, including hard hat & gloves
2. Portable radio; &
3. Water
Never, (blank), yourself down before or after entering a fire shelter.
Wet
You should be able to deploy your shelter in less than, (blank), seconds.
25 seconds
What are the basic principles for deploying a fire shelter?
1. Remove the shelter from packaging
2. Open & shake the shelter fully open
3. Get your feet inside the shelter
4. Get into a face-down position with your feet toward the fire.
5. Use your head & extremities to secure the edges of the shelter.
When deployment sites have become compromised, other heat barrier options include, (blank):
1. Natural & constructed areas
2. Substantial structures
3. Engines; &
4. Heavy Equipment