the study of the physical world around us that includes the sciences of chemistry and physicals is called
physical science
energy exists in which of the following states
kinetic and potential energy
___is a rapid and self sustaining chemical process that yields heat and usually light
fire and oxidation
our atmosphere contains___oxygen
21%
chemical reactions in which a substance absorbs heat energy are called
exothermic heat reactions
chemical reactions between two or more materials that changes the materials and produces heat, flames, and toxic smoke are
exothermic heat reactions
oxidation reactions can be characterized by which of the following
exothermic and energy releasing
the four main components of the fire tetrahedron include fuel, heat, oxygen and
self sustained chemical reaction
which of the following statements regarding the fire tetrahedron is not true
the fire triangle has always been a more accurate representation of combustion , than the fire tetrahedron
an oxidizer would be defined as
a material that yields oxygen or other oxidizing gases during the course of a chemical reaction
what is a measurement of kinetic energy
temperature
which statement is true
heat energy will move from objects of higher temperature to those of lower temperature
in the SI system the unit for work is
joule
a joule is equal to
1 newton over the distance of 1 meter
____is a form of energy characterized by vibration of molecules and capable of integrating in supporting chemical changes and changes of state
heat
water will be in a frozen state at which of the following temperatures
0 degrees, 0 degrees, 32 degrees
water will boil at which of the followign temperatures
202 and 100 degrees
the temperature scale in which water freezes at 0 and boils at 100 is known as
celsius
the amount of heat necessary to raise one gram of water 1 degree celsius is known as a
calorie
how many joules of heat energy must be added to a kilogram of water in order to increase its temperature by 1 degree Celsius
4200
the chemical decomposition of a substance through the action of heat is called
pyrolysis
which of the following would be considered forms of ignition
autoignition and piloted ignition
which type of ignition occurs when a mixture of fuel and oxygen encounter an external heat source with sufficient heat energy to start the combustion reaction
piloted ignition
___occurs without any external flame or spark to ignite the fuel gasses or vapors
autoignition
the lowest temperature at which a combustible material ignites in the air without a spark or flame is known as the
autoignition temperature
which would not be considered common sources of heat that result in ignition of fuel
light energy
which is the most common source of heat in combustion reactions
chemical energy
a form of chemical heat energy that occurs when a material increases in temperature without the addition of external heat is called
self heating and spontaneous ignition
for spontaneous ignition to occur, all but which of the following factors are required
the rate of heat production must be proportional to the amount of fuel present
the measure of a materials ability to transfer heat energy to other objects is known as
temperature
resistance heating, overcorrect, arcing, and sparking are all examples of which type of heating
electrical heating
a high temperature luminous electrical discharge across a gap through a medium such as charred insulation would be considered
arching
the heat that is produced when electrical current flows through a conductor is called
resistance heating
the heat that is produced when electrical current flows through a conductor is called
resistance heating
luminous particles formed and spattered away from a point of arching is refereed to as
sparking
when a current flowing through a conductor exceeds its design limits, it may overheat and present an ignition hazard. this type of heat is called
over-current or overload
all of the following materials would be considered spontaneous heating materials except
spandex and other synthetic cloths
the heat energy that is generated by friction or compression is called
mechanical heat energy
the movement of two surfaces against each other creates
heat of friction
___is generated when a gas is compressed
heat of compression
which statement regarding heat is NOT true
the greater the temperature difference between two bodies, the lesser the transfer rate of heat will be
physical flow or transfer of heat energy can be transefered from one body to another by direct contact of the two bodies, or by an inventing heat conduction medium. this would be known as-
conduction
of all the choices below, which is the best conductor of heat
metals
The transfer of heat is true eat by movement of heated fluids or gases, usually is an upward direction is known as
convection
which statement regarding heat transfer is true
the flow of heat is from the warmer area to the cooler area
heat generated from the sun in the form of waves would be known as
radiation
you are in the basement of a building , the fire has heated up a pipe to such a high temperature that it has ignited a floor joist several yards away. this type of heat transfer would be known as
conduction
there is a fire on the lower floor of a stairwell. the temperature in the stairwell increases to a level where the ceiling ignites several floors up. this is an example of
convection
there is a fully involved structure fire in a residential neighborhood. the houses are so close together what there is a serious exposure problem. what form of heat transfer creates the greatest risk to the exposed structures
radiation
the radiation of heat is the transmission of energy as an electromagnetic wave, without an intervening medium. which of the following would also be considered examples of electromagnetic waves
light waves, radio waves, and xrays
which of the following forms of matter will burn
gasses
the weight of a given volume of purevapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of dry air at the same temperature and pressure is known as
vapor density
most gases are heavier than air, however there are exceptions which of the following gases has a vapor density which makes it lighter than air
methane
the ratio of the mass of a given volume of a liquid compared to its mass of an equal volume of water at the same temperature is called
specific gravity
the specific gravity of water equals
1
substances with a specific gravity grater than water will be
heavier than water and will have a value greater than 1
the transformation of a liquid to vapor or gaseous state is known as
vaporization
the pressure produced or exerted by vapors released by a liquid is known as
vapor pressure
the minimum temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapors to form an ignitable mixture with air near a liquieds surface is called its
flash point
the minimum temperature at which a liquid produces sufficient vapors to support combustion once the fuel is ignited is called its
fire point
most ignitable liquids
have a specific gravity less than one
which would be considered a polar solvent
ethanol
when considering solubility of a liquid fuel, which of the following would you expect to dissolve in water
polar solvents
the degree to which a solid, liquid, or gas dissolves in a solvent is known as its
solubility
___describes materials that are capable of being mixed
miscible
the chemical decomposition of a substance through the action of heat is known as
pyrolysis
the size of solid fuels significantly effects the ignitablity of the fuel. In view of this, which of the following statements is true regarding as a solid fuels surface to mass ratio
as the surface area increases the ignitability increases
the physical position of a fuel plays a role in the rate of pr. Fire will spread more rapidly when a solid fuel is in a ___position because of
vertical/ conduction
for wood, when does pyrolysis begin
at temperatures below 400 degrees F
at which state of pyrolysis will the majority of moisture already have been releases and charring has begun
stage 2
at which stage of pyrolysis will free burning of a wood material exist
state 4
the total amount of thermal energy that could be generated by the combustion reaction if a fuel were completely burned is known as
heat of combustion
the energy released per unit of time as a given fuel burns is known as the
heat release rate
what is the primary oxidizing agent in most fires
oxygen in the atmosphere
at room temperature what is the minimum concentration of atmospheric oxygen that will support combustion
14%
oxygen rich atmospheres are atmospheres
with concentrations of oxygen that exceed 23.5%
which would not be considered a common oxidizer
noble gases
according to OSHA any atmosphere having less than ___oxygen in the air as being oxygen deficient an a hazer to firefighter snot wearing SCBA
19.5%
in which of the following occupancies may you expect to find oxygen enriched atmospheres
hospitals, industrial occupancies, and private homes
what would be the flammable range of propane
2.1-9.5%
what would be the flammable range of methane
5-15%
what would be the flammable range of ethanol
3.3-19%
some extinguishing agents such as halon interrupts the flame-producing chemical reaction and terminates the combustion reaction. this can be described as
extinquishment by chemical flame inhibition
which of the following potential fuel packages would you estimate to have the lowest hrr
small wastebasket
smoke generated from fire contains toxic or asphyxiate gases. which of the following would not be considered one such gas
water vapor H2O
the most common hazardous material contained in smoke is
carbon monoxide CO
which compound acts as a chemical asphyxiate by binding with hemoglobin in the blood
carbon monoxide
which compound acts as a chemical asphyxiate by preventing the body from using oxygen at the cellular level
hydrogen cyanide
which compound is a product of complete combustion of organic materials
carbon dioxide
class a fires are fires involving ordinary combustible materials such as all of the following except
gasoline
water is commonly used to extinguish class a fires by cooling the material below its ignition temperature. class a foams are used to enhance waters ability to extinguish class a fires by
reducing the water surface tension allowing it to penetrate more easily into the burning material
all of the following materials would be classified as a class b fire except
burning rubber
which is the most effective method of extinguishing a class b fire
inhibiting the chain reaction
energized electrical equipment and household appliances would be classified as
class c fires
the safest way to fire a class c fire is to
de-energize the source and then treat the fire as a class a or class b
class d fires are those that involve combustible metals. which of the following would not be considered a combustible metal
carbon
which extinguishing agent should never be used to extinguish a class c fire
water
class b fuels would include all of the following except
garbage
anything that occupies space and has mass is known as
matter
____is the capacity to perform work, occurs when a force is applied to an object over a distance, or when a chemical, biological, or physical transformation is made in a substance
energy
materials produced and released during burning best describes which of the following
products of combustion
a __is defined as a fire that occurs within an enclosed room or space within a building
compartment fire
in compartment fires, when the fuel available to burn is limited , the fire is said to be ___likewise if the amount of available oxygen is limited the condition is known as
fuel controlled, ventilation controlled
linseed oil rags igniting would be an example of which of the following
auto ignition
piloted ignition is caused by
a spark or flame
the first stage of the burning process in a confined space in which the substance being oxidized producing heat is called the
incipient
when a fire is ignited by a spark or a flame it is refereed to as
piloted ignition
during the incipient stage of a fire hot gases begin to spread horizontally across the ceiling of a compartment. this is called
mushrooming and or ceiling jet
at which stage of a fire is fuel and oxygen virtually unlimited, and is characterized by the rapid release of heat
growth
___occurs where flames move through or across the unburden gases at the top of a compartment during a fires progression
rollover
rollover differs from flash over in that
only the flammable gases are burning and not the room contents
one of the most important physical properties that a firefighter should know about smoke is that smoke is
unburden fuel that is ready to ignite
at which of the following temperatures can a flash over occur
900-1200 degrees
initiation of combustion of a material by an internal chemical or biological reaction that has produced sufficient heat to ignite the material known as
spontaneous ignition
which are typical characteristics of a potential back draft
black smoke becoming dense gray yellow with little or no visible flame, smoke leaving the structure in puffs or intervals, pressurized smoke exiting through small openings
a method to help prevent back draft from occurring is to
open the structure at the highest point involved
which statement is not true
self oxidizing fuels can easily be extinguished by oxygen dilution
a broken natural gas line is on fire. your engine company turns off the shut off valve thus extinguishing the fire. this is an example of which of the following fire extinguishing methods
fuel removal
if a fire is in the smoldering phase of combustion, which of the following is not an option for extinguishing the fire
reduction of fuel
one of the most common methods of extinguishing fires is
temperature reduction by cooling with water
all of the following extingushing agents act by chemical flame inhibition except
carbon dioxide
the tendency or capacity to remain afloat in a liquid or rise in a gas is known as
buoyant
at what temperature does water turn to steam
212 degrees F
when wateris converted to steam it expands approximately ___times
1700
___is composed of at least one inlet opening, one exhaust opening, and the connecting volume between the opening
flow path
the buoyant layer of hot gases and smoke produced by afire in a compartment is called the
upper layer
a petroleum based organic compoud that contians only hydrogen and carbon is known as a
hydrocarbon fuel
a liquid having a flash point at or above 100 degrees F and below 200 degrees F is known as an
combustible liquid
a at normal oxygen levels, nomex does not burn, however when placed in an oxygen enriched atmosphere or approximately __oxygen it will burn vigorously
31%
molecular fragments that are highly reactive are called
free radicals
all buildings exchange air inside the structure with the air on the outside of the structure in which of the following ways
constructed openings such as windows, doors, and passive ventilation devices, leakages through cracks and other gaps in construction, heating ventilating and air contraindication systems
which statment regarding the role of ambient conditions on fire development are true
high humidity can impede the natural movement of smoke, cold temperatures can impede the natural movement of smoke, wind speed and direction can be extremely significant in fire development
the level at a compartement opening where the difference in pressue exerted by expansion and buoyancy of hot smoke floating out of the opening in the inward pressure of cooler ambient temperature air flowing in through an opening is equal is known as
neutral plane
over the years, the fire service has coin words, and phrases to describe various fire events that result in rapid fire development these would include all of the following but
mushrooming