Load-Bearing wall
Wall that is used for structual support
Nonload-Bearing wall
Wall,usually interior, that supports only its own weight
Partition wall
Interior non-load bearing wall that separates a space into rooms
Green wood
Wood with high moisture content
Fire wall
Fire-rated wall with a specified degree of fire resistance, built of fire-resistive materials and usually extending from the foundation up to the and through the roof of a building, that is designed to limit the spread of a fire within the structure or be
Masonry
Bricks, Blocks, Stones, and unreinforced and reinforced concrete products
Cantilever walls
Walls that extend beyound the structure that supports them
Veneer walls
Walls with a surface layer of attractive material laid over a base of common materials
Stones may ___ when heated?
Spall or lose small portions of their surface
Rapid cooling to Masonry may?
Cause materials to crack
Applying what to burning wood?
Minimizes damage by stoping the charring process, which reduces woods strength
Cast Iron
Rarely used in modern construction, Commonly used as exterior surface covering, Stands up well to fire and intense heat, may crack when cooled rapidly
Steel
primary material used for modern structural support in larg buildings. Elongates when heated, if restrianed it will buckle somewhere in the middle, failure of steel members are can be anticipated at tempitures near or above 1,000 degrees
Variables of steel failure
Size of the member, load its under, the composition of the steel, and the geometry of the members
Reinforced Concrete
Concrete internally fortified with steel reinforced bars ( rebar) or wire mesh, does well under fire conditions, it can lose strength through spalling, pronlonged heating can cause a failure of the bond between the concrete and steel
Gypsum
inorganic product from which plaster and wallboards of made of, has high water conent, evaperation of this water absorbs a great deal of heat, water give it excelent heat resistant and fire retardent properties,
Gypsum used to insulate?
Steel and wood structual members that are less adapted to high heat situatuions because it breaks down gradually under fire conditions , where it has failed are subject to fail due to high heat exposures
Glass/Fiberglass
Glass is not typically used for structual support, used in sheets for windows and doors, wire - reinforced glass may provied some thermal protection as a seperation, conventional glass not effective barrier, heated glass may crack when hit with cold fire
NFPA __ is for building construction and saftey
5000
NFPA __ is for standards on types of building construction
220
Type I construction
Fire-Resistive, consists mainly of reinforced concrete w/ sctructual members, including walls, columns, beams, floors, and roofs, that are protected by blown on insulation or automatic sprinklers, primary hazards are the contents of the structure and inte
Type I strengths
*Resists direct flame impingement
*Confines fire well
*little collapse potential from the effects of fire alone
*impervious to water damge
Type I Weakness
*Difficult to breach for access or escape
*Difficult to ventilate during a fire
*Massive debris following collapse
*Floors,ceilings, and walls retain heat
Type II
Noncombustiblem, same material as fire resistive but lack insulation or other protection of type 1, has fire resistive rating on all parts of building, all metal building also fall under this catigory
Type II collapse potentials?
Heat build up inside building can cause supports to fail, often have flat roofs that consist of of a combustible or noncombustible roof deck covered by combustible felt, noncombustible insulation, and roofing tar, extentions can cause entire roof to becom
Type II Stregnths
*Almost as resistive to fire as type 1
*Confines fire well
*Almost as structually stable as Type 1
*Easier to vertically ventilate then Type 1
Type II Weakness
*Difficult to breach for access or escape
*Unprotected steel structural components can fail due to heat
*Roof systems leff stable then type 1
*Steel components subject to weakening by fire
*Steel components subject to weaking by rust and corrosion
*Massiv
Type III
Ordinary construction, requires exterior walls and structural members be made of noncombustible or limited combustible materials(concrete block, clay tile blocks), Interior members ( walls, columns, beams, floors and roofs,) made completely or partially o
Type III Strengths
*Resists fire spread from outside
*Relativley easy to vertically ventilate
Type III Weaknesses
*Interior structural members vulnerable to fire involvement
*Fire spread potential through concealed spaces
*susceptible to water damage
Type IV
Heavey Timber, exterior and interior walls and there associated structual membersbe made of non or limited combustible materials, interior structual members( Beams, Columns, Arches, Floors and Roofs) are made of solid or laminated wood with no concealed s
Type IV Fire hazards
Primary fire hazard is the massive amount of combustible contents presented by the structual timbers in addition to the contents of the building, remain stable for long periods of time but give off large amount of heat and pose serious exposure protection
Type IV Stregnths
*Resists collapse due to flame impingement of heavy beams
*Structually stable
*Relativley easy to vertically or horizontally ventilate
*Relatively easy to breach for access or escape
*Manageable debris following collapse
Type IV Weakness
*Susceptible to fire spread from outside
*Potential for flame spread to other nearby structures
*Susceptible to rapid interior flame spread
*susceptible to water damage
Type V
Wood frame, Exterior walls, bearing walls, floors, roofs, and supports made completely or partially of wood or other approved ,materials of smaller dimensions then those used for Type IV, typiclly used to builed singhle family homes or appartments up to 7
Type V Fire Hazards
presents almost unlimited potential for fire extentions within the building of orgin and to nearby structures, particully if they are also wood framed, FF's must be alert of fire coming from doors and windows extending to exterior structure
Type V Stregnths
*Easily breached for acsses, ventilation, or escape
*Resistant to collapse from earthquake due to light weight and flexibilty
*Collapse debris easy to manage
Type V Weaknesses
*Susceptible to fire spread from outside
*Susceptible to rapid flame spread inside
*Susceptible to toatle collapse due to fire or explosion
*Susceptible to water damage
Sizing up a building look for?
*Age of building. Signs of weathering?
*Construction materials.
*Roof type
*Renovations or modifications
*Dead loads
Dead loads?
Heavy objects on roof such as HVAC or water tanks
Dangerous Biulding Conditions?
Conditions that contribute to spread and intesity of fire
*Conditions that make the building susceptible to collapse
Fire Load?
Is the maximum heat that can be produced if all the combustible materials in a given area burn.
Heavey fire loading
is most critical hazard in a commercial and storage facilities because fire can overwhelm the capabilities of a fire sprinkler system
Roof Coverings
Final outside layer that is placed on top of a roof deck, common coverings are wood and composition shingles, wooden shakes, rubber imitation tiles, steel imitation shakes or tiles, clay tile, slate, tin, and tar and gravel. Wood shakes contribute to fire
Wood framing, floors and ceilings also contribute to?
Fire loading
Large open spaces
Contribute to spread of fire throughout, found in warehouses, churches, large atriums, common attics or cocklofts and theaters
Wooden structural components in older buildings?
May also dehydrate to the point that their ignition temp decreases and there flame spread charateristic increases
Indicators of buildign collapse
*Cracks or separations in walls, floor, ceilings and roof structures
*Evidence of existing structual instability such as the presence of tie rods and stars that hold walls together
*Loose bricks, blocks, or stones falling from buliding
*Deteriorated morta
Lightweight steel
Made from long steel cordsthat are either straight or or bent by as much as 90 degrees with either flat or tubular members in the web space
Lightweight wood
constructed of 2 x 3, 2 x 4, or 2 x 6 inch lumber connected by gusset plates.
Gusset plates
Wood or metal ( metal also called gang nails) plates used to connect and stregnthen the intersection of metal or wooden truss components, roof or floor components into load bearing units
Gang nails
small metal plates (useally 18 to 22 gauge) with points or prongs that penetrate about 3/8th inch into the wood
Unprotected lightweight steel and wooden trusses fail after__ ?
5 to 10 mins of exposure to fire
Lightweight steel and wood can fail from?
Exposure to heat alone withought any flames
Wooden I-beams
used in lightweight construction, fire characteristics similer to wooden trusses
Bowstring trusses
Found in many older buildings, used in building that require large open spaces without supporting columns such as auto-motive dealers, bowling alleys, factories and supermarkets. should be suspected in any building with a rounded roof.
Fire - Resistive Construction
Another term for Type I construction; Construction that maintians its structual integrity during a fire
Noncombustible Construction
Another term for Type II construction; Construction made of the same materials as fire - resistive construction except that the structual components lack the insulation or other protection of Type I
Ordinary Construction
Another term for Type III construction; construction that requires that exterior walls and structual members be made of noncombustible or limited combustible materials
Wood-Frame Construction
Another term for Type V construction; construction that has exterior walls, bearing walls, floors, roofs, and supports made comnpletely or partially of wood or other approved materials.
Situational awareness
awareness of immdeite surroundings
Roof covering
Final outside cover that is placed on top of a roof deck assembly
Collapse zone
The area extending horizontally from the base of the wall to one and one and a half times the height of the wall
Reinforcement stars
May mean thats the structure is of questionable stability. connected by tension rods to stars on the other side of the building
Tension
Those vertical or horizontal forces that tend to pull things apart
Compression
Those vertical and or horizontal forces that tend to push the mass of metal together
Rain roof
A Second roof constructed over an older roof