is necessary to maintain homeostasis.
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to maintain fluid balance, and the body constantly strives for equilibrium.
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Regulate Fluid and Electrolyte Balance:
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percentage varies with age, gender, and percentage of body fat.
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� total body water of 70-kg man
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neonate
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older adults
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Women tend to have less body water than men due to effects of
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TOTAL BODY WATER TWO MAJOR COMPARTMENTS:
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- substances that separate or dissociate into ions (charged particles) in solution;
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Ions carry either a positive charge
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negative charge
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electrolytes Cation
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anions electrolytes
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Most electrolytes interact with maintain acid-base balance
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Electrolyte balance must be kept within a
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Major Electrolytes In Body Fluids:
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o ELECTROLYTE CONCENTRATION IN BODY FLUIDS:
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- may be thought of as "routine" nursing care but requires as much diligence and critical thinking as administration of any medication.
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2 principles of homeostasis
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MOVEMENT OF FLUID AND PARTICLES between and within compartments is controlled by a number of processes, including:
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refers to the number of osmoles per kilogram of water and is expressed as
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is the number of osmoles in 1 L of solution and is expressed as
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- refers to the number of particles dissolved in the serum, primarily sodium, urea (blood urea nitrogen [BUN]), and glucose.
- measure of the concentration of solutes per kilogram in urine
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Normal serum osmolality
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has the same proportion of weight of particles (e.g., sodium, glucose) and water.
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1. contains fewer particles than water.
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Hypo-osmolality of body fluid may be the result
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contains more particles than water.
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Hyperosmolality of body fluid could be caused
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Tonicity is used primarily as a measurement of the concentration of IV solutions compared with the osmolality of body fluids.
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� concentration of particles in a solution and is used in reference to body fluids
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� recommended water intake for a healthy adult for a woman
2.7 L
� recommended water intake for a healthy adult for a man
3.7 l
Patients lose water daily through respiration
...
Patients lose water daily through skin perspiration and evaporation
...
Patients lose water daily through urine
...
Patients lose water daily through feces
...
� minimum urinary output for an adult 70-kg patient.
...
Insensible losses (water lost via the lungs, skin, and feces) are not measurable.
...
Fluid maintenance needs for the NPO (nothing by mouth) patient can be calculated as follows:
first 10 kg
second 10 kg
thereafter
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fluid is lost from the interstitial and vascular spaces.
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3 types of intravenous solution
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what is crystalloids
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THREE MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS OF CRYSTALLOID IVF ARE:
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When administered, hypertonic IVF fluids pull water from the interstitial space to the ECF via osmosis and cause cell shrinkage
...
same approximate osmolality as ECF or plasma.
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...
Isotonic solutions are primarily used for
...
� osmotic equilibrium, water does not enter or leave the cell; therefore, there is no effect on red blood cells (RBCs).
...
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...
Excessive infusion of hypotonic solutions may cause
...
Patients receiving hypertonic solutions must be monitored carefully for signs of
...