Blood
a type of connective tissue, is a complex mixture of cells, chemicals, and fluid
Function of blood
transports substances throughout the body, helps to maintain a stable interstitial fluid environment, and distribute heat
Blood includes
red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets, and plasma
Plasma
mixture of water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes
hematocrit
red blood cells and plasma
Techniques of Blood Sampling
Venipuncture
Finger or heel stick
Blood Plasma
Over 90% water, 7% plasma proteins (in liver in bloodstream)
Albumin
Maintain blood osmotic pressure
Globulins (immunoglobulins)
Antibodies bind to foreign substances called antigens
Fibrinogen
plasma protein that is converted to fibrin in the clotting process
What is in the plasma
Electrolytes, nutrients, Hormones, fribrinogen, Globulins, Albumin (FANHEG)
erythrocyte
red blood cells, carry oxygen
leukocytes
white blood cells
Granular leukocytes
neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
Plasma is the ________________ portion of the blood
clear, straw-colored fluid
Plasma is mostly
water
Plasma functions to
transport nutrients and gases, regulate fluid and electrolyte balance, and maintain a favorable pH
Plasma proteins are not used for
energy
Plasma proteins
albumins, globulins, and fibrinogen
albumins
help maintain the colloid osmotic pressure of the blood and account for 60% of the plasma proteins
globulins
comprising 36%, of the plasma proteins, are designated as alpha, beta, and gamma globulins
Alpha and beta globulins function in transporting
lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
Gamma globulins
antibodies
Fibrinogen is found in the
liver (plays a key role in coagulation)
most important blood gases
oxygen and carbon dioxide
plasma nutrients
amino acids, monosaccharides, nucleotides, and lipids from the digestive tract
lipoproteins
protein and fat clusters that transport fats in the blood
Nonprotein nitrogenous substances
amino acids, urea, and uric acid, creatine, and creatinine
Urea and uric acid are the by-products of
protein and nucleic acid catabolism
Creatinine comes from
creatine (creatine phosphate in muscles)
Plasma electrolytes are absorbed by the
intestine or are by-products of cellular metabolism
Hemostasis
stoppage of bleeding
3 steps of hemostasis
vascular spasm, platelet plug formation, coagulation
Blood Vessel Spasm
triggered by pain receptors, platelet release, or serotonin
smooth muscle in vessel contracts
Platelet plug formation
sealing of the ruptured blood vessel
most effective means of hemostasis
blood coagulation (uses calcium)
Damaged tissues release a chemical called
thromboplastin, which activates the first in a series of factors, leading to the production of prothrombin activator
Prothrombin activator
converts prothrombin in the plasma in thrombin. This in turn, catalyzes a reaction that converts fibrinogen into fibrin