Active transport
process that uses metabolic energy to move substances across cell membranes from a less concentrated solution to a more concentrated one
Anions
ions that carry a negative charge
Body surface area (BSA)
the relationship between height and weight measured in square meters
Cations
ions that carry a positive charge
Colloid osmotic pressure
pulling water from the interstitial space into the vascular compartment; also called oncotic pressure
Colloids
substances such as large protein molecules that do not readily dissolve into true solutions
Crystalloids
salts that dissolve readily into true solutions
Dehydration
a condition that occurs when a body does not take in as much water as it loses or lacks sufficient reserves to maintain proper function
Diffusion
the continual intermingling of molecules in liquids, gases, or solids brought about by the random movement of the molecules
Edema
swelling caused by excess fluid trapped in body tissues
Electrolytes
charged ions capable of conducting electricity
Extracellular fluid (ECF)
fluid found outside the cells; accounts for about one third of total body fluid
Filtration
a process whereby fluid and solutes move together across a membrane from one compartment to another
Fluid volume deficit (FVD)
when output substantially exceeds intake
Fluid volume excess (FVE)
when intake substantially exceeds output
Hematocrit
measures the volume (percentage) of whole blood that is composed of RBCs
Hydrostatic pressure
the pressure a fluid exerts within a closed system on the walls of its container
Hyperkalemia
elevated potassium levels
Hypernatremia
a sodium excess
Hypertonic
solutions having a higher level of solutes such as D5NS or D5LRS
Hypodermoclysis
fluid administered subcutaneously
Hypokalemia
a deficit in potassium
Hyponatremia
a sodium deficiency
Hypotonic
solutions having less solute than isotonic fluids such as 0.45% normal saline
Insensible fluid loss
loss that occurs through the skin and lungs; it usually is not noticeable and cannot be measured
Interstitial fluid
surrounds the cells and accounts for approximately 75% of the ECF
Intracellular fluid (ICF)
fluid found within the cells of the body
Intravascular fluid
(plasma) found within the vascular system and accounts for approximately 20% of the ECF
Ions
charged particles
Isotonic
solution having the same osmolality as body fluids
Milliequivalent
the chemical combining power of the ion, or the capacity of cations to combine with anions to form molecules
Obligatory losses
certain fluid losses required to maintain normal body function
Oncotic pressure
pulling water from the interstitial space into the vascular compartment; also called colloid osmotic pressure
Osmolality
the concentration of solutes in body fluids
Osmosis
the movement of water across cell membranes, from the less concentrated solution to the more concentrated solution
Osmotic pressure
the power of a solution to draw water across a semipermeable membrane
Saline
0.9% sodium chloride, an isotonic solution
Solutes
substances that dissolve in liquid such as oxygen, electrolytes, and glucose
Solvent
the component of a solution that can dissolve a solute
Tonicity
refers to the osmolality of a solution and represents the balance between the amounts of water on either side of a membrane
Transcellular fluid
examples include cerebrospinal, pericardial, pancreatic, pleural, intraocular, biliary, peritoneal, and synovial fluids
A. The body is composed largely of fluids in many forms
1. Blood, serum, saline, albumin, urine, bile, hormones, cerebrospinal
B. Elect