Renal System
Composed of the kidneys and represents a major route to eliminate
drugs
Produces hormones and regulates body fluid and electrolyte balance
Gout
A disease characterized by overproduction or insufficient elimination of
uric acid within the body that will crystallize in the joints and cause pain
and inflammation
Electrolytes
Salts which are dissolved in body fluids and are necessary in proper
concentration to maintain normal body functions
Uses
Replacement of depleted salts
Side Effects
Stomach upset
Constipation
� Diarrhea
Examples
Ammonium
� Bicarbonate
� Calcium
� Chloride
� Magnesium
� Phosphate
� Potassium
� Sodium
Therapeutic Classes
Diuretics
Uses
� Congestive heart failure
� Hypertension
� Fluid retention
Mechanism of Action
Alter the body's electrolyte pattern by prohibiting or enhancing excretion
of electrolytes.
NOTE: Most diuretics increase potassium excretion. This can be
corrected by eating high-potassium foods (bananas, orange juice), or
taking a potassium sparing diur
Thiazide and Related Diuretics
Use
Reduce blood pressure
Mechanism of Action
Causes kidney to secrete more, decreases water retention, decreased
blood pressure
Side Effects
� Increased urination
� Weakness
� Muscle cramps
� Stomach upset
� Dizziness
Hydrochlorothiazide
(Hydrodiuril�) - Legend Drug
Chlorothiazide
(Diuril�) - Legend Drug
Indapamide
(Lozol�) - Legend Drug
Metolazone
(Zaroxolyn�) - Legend Drug
Loop Diuretics
Use
� Congestive Heart Failure
� Potent diuretic
Side Effects
� Increased urination
� Weakness
� Muscle cramps
� Stomach upset
�Dizziness
Furosemide
(Lasix�) - Legend Drug
Bumetanide
(Bumex�) - Legend Drug
Ethacrynic acid
(Edecrin�) - Legend Drug
Torsemide
(Demadex�) - Legend Drug
Potassium Sparing Diuretics
Use
� Congestive Heart Failure
� Weak diuretics, often used in combination with other diuretics
� No potassium supplement needed
Side Effects
� Increased urination
� Weakness
� Muscle cramps
� Stomach upset
� Dizziness
Spironolactone
(Aldactone�) - Legend Drug
Triamterene
(Dyrenium�) - Legend Drug
Amiloride
(Midamor�) - Legend Drug
Amiloride + HCTZ
(Moduretic�) - Legend Drug
Triamterene + HCTZ
(Maxzide, Dyazide�) - Legend Drug
Spironolactone + HCTZ
(Aldactazide�) - Legend Drug
Osmotic Diuretics
Use
To produce an intense diuresis in a hospital setting
Mechanism of Action
Pull water out of the body and into the kidneys
Examples:
� Mannitol - Legend Drug
� Solutions of mannitol may crystallize when exposed to low
temperatures.
If crystals are observed, the container should be warmed by
appropriate means to not greater than 60�C (140�F), shaken,
then cooled to body temperature befo
Gout Agents
Uses
Prevention and treatment of gout attacks
Mechanism of Action
Enhance the excretion of uric acid
Side Effect
Rash, Kidney Stones
Allopurinol
(Zyloprim) - Legend Drug
Probenecid
(Benemid) - Legend Drug
Other Gout Agents
Use
Drug of choice for acute attacks
Mechanism of Action
Reduces the pain and swelling of gouty flares
Side Effect
Gastrointestinal complaints
Colchicine
- Legend Drug
Renal System
Composed of the kidneys and represents a major route to eliminate
drugs
Produces hormones and regulates body fluid and electrolyte balance
Gout
A disease characterized by overproduction or insufficient elimination of
uric acid within the body that will crystallize in the joints and cause pain
and inflammation
Electrolytes
Salts which are dissolved in body fluids and are necessary in proper
concentration to maintain normal body functions
Uses
Replacement of depleted salts
Side Effects
Stomach upset
Constipation
� Diarrhea
Examples
Ammonium
� Bicarbonate
� Calcium
� Chloride
� Magnesium
� Phosphate
� Potassium
� Sodium
Therapeutic Classes
Diuretics
Uses
� Congestive heart failure
� Hypertension
� Fluid retention
Mechanism of Action
Alter the body's electrolyte pattern by prohibiting or enhancing excretion
of electrolytes.
NOTE: Most diuretics increase potassium excretion. This can be
corrected by eating high-potassium foods (bananas, orange juice), or
taking a potassium sparing diur
Thiazide and Related Diuretics
Use
Reduce blood pressure
Mechanism of Action
Causes kidney to secrete more, decreases water retention, decreased
blood pressure
Side Effects
� Increased urination
� Weakness
� Muscle cramps
� Stomach upset
� Dizziness
Hydrochlorothiazide
(Hydrodiuril�) - Legend Drug
Chlorothiazide
(Diuril�) - Legend Drug
Indapamide
(Lozol�) - Legend Drug
Metolazone
(Zaroxolyn�) - Legend Drug
Loop Diuretics
Use
� Congestive Heart Failure
� Potent diuretic
Side Effects
� Increased urination
� Weakness
� Muscle cramps
� Stomach upset
�Dizziness
Furosemide
(Lasix�) - Legend Drug
Bumetanide
(Bumex�) - Legend Drug
Ethacrynic acid
(Edecrin�) - Legend Drug
Torsemide
(Demadex�) - Legend Drug
Potassium Sparing Diuretics
Use
� Congestive Heart Failure
� Weak diuretics, often used in combination with other diuretics
� No potassium supplement needed
Side Effects
� Increased urination
� Weakness
� Muscle cramps
� Stomach upset
� Dizziness
Spironolactone
(Aldactone�) - Legend Drug
Triamterene
(Dyrenium�) - Legend Drug
Amiloride
(Midamor�) - Legend Drug
Amiloride + HCTZ
(Moduretic�) - Legend Drug
Triamterene + HCTZ
(Maxzide, Dyazide�) - Legend Drug
Spironolactone + HCTZ
(Aldactazide�) - Legend Drug
Osmotic Diuretics
Use
To produce an intense diuresis in a hospital setting
Mechanism of Action
Pull water out of the body and into the kidneys
Examples:
� Mannitol - Legend Drug
� Solutions of mannitol may crystallize when exposed to low
temperatures.
If crystals are observed, the container should be warmed by
appropriate means to not greater than 60�C (140�F), shaken,
then cooled to body temperature befo
Gout Agents
Uses
Prevention and treatment of gout attacks
Mechanism of Action
Enhance the excretion of uric acid
Side Effect
Rash, Kidney Stones
Allopurinol
(Zyloprim) - Legend Drug
Probenecid
(Benemid) - Legend Drug
Other Gout Agents
Use
Drug of choice for acute attacks
Mechanism of Action
Reduces the pain and swelling of gouty flares
Side Effect
Gastrointestinal complaints
Colchicine
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