Thiamin (B1)
Carbohydrate metabolism, nervous system maintenance, cardiovascular system, normal appetite, coenzyme, and involved in TCA cycle
Riboflavin (B2)
Carb, fat, and energy metabolism, and coenzyme of FAD
Niacin (B3)
Carb, fat, and energy metabolism, and coenzymes for NAD and NADP (fat synthesis)
B6
Protein, fat, and carb metabolism, breakdown of homocysteine, synthesis of WBC and hemoglobin to carry O2
Folate (B9)
Carrier of 1 - carbon compounds, DNA and red blood cell formation - protein synthesis and division,
Cobalamin (B12)
Coenzyme involved in methyl group transfer, growth factor, and involved in anemia prevention
Choline
Part of acetylcholine neurotransmitter, source of methyl groups, cell signaling
Biotin (B7)
Carb, fat, and protein metabolism and carries CO2
Pantothenic Acid
Fat and carb metabolism, coenzyme A and acetyl CoA (discovered at UT)
Calcium
Bone growth, teeth formation, initiate blood clotting, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, cell wall permeability, and enzyme regulator and catalyst
Phosphorus
Regulates release of energy (ADP -> ATP), helps absorption and transport of nutrients, phospholipid membranes, calcification of bones and teeth, and regulates acid-blood balance
Magnesium
Bone metabolism, prevention of dental caries, cofactor for ~300 enzymes, and muscle contraction (stimulates relaxation)
Vitamin C
Antioxidant, hydroxylator, would healing, amino acid metabolization, enhanced iron absorption, resistance to infection/stress, and possible cancer protection
Manganese
Enzyme constituent
Chromium
Glucose tolerance factor (helps uptake glucose into cell via insulin) and reduce cravings for fat
Selenium
Antioxidant, possible cancer protection, replaces vitamin E in some cases, thyroid )T4 ->T3 conversion), and mood elevation (but causes weight gain)
Molybdenum
Converts xanthine to uric acid (urine), sulfur metabolism, and interacts with copper by producing anemia in cattle
Iron
Constituent of hemoglobin, myoglobin, and enzymes, involved in oxygen and electron transport
Cobalt
Part of B12, prevents anemia in cattle
Silicon
Improves plant cell wall strength, and maintains cartilage, hair, skin, nails, and bone health
Boron
Formation of bone
Iodine
Thyroid hormones, regulates body temperature and metabolism, reproduction and growth, and increases BMR
Fluoride
Structural component of bones and teeth, not essential but reduces dental caries by 50%
Copper
Prevention of anemia, formation of myelin sheath around nerves, elastin, and collagen synthesis, oxidation, and pigmentation
Vitamin E
Antioxidant, stabilizes and stops free radicals from destroying lipids, prolongs clotting time, protects against aging and aging pigments, and improves immunes function in the elderly
Vitamin K
Blood clotting and binding of calcium to bones
Sodium
Fluid and electrolyte balance, acid-base balance, nerve impulse transmission, and muscle contraction
Potassium
Principal intracellular cation, helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance, helps maintain cell integrity, aids in nerve impulse transmission and muscular contraction
Chloride
Major anion of cellular fluids, helps maintain fluid and electrolyte balance assists transmission of nerve impulses, and is a part of hydrochloric acid