what are the primary functions of the respiratory system?
oxygen intake and carbon dioxide disposal
what is the first step of the scientific method?
making an observation
what is it called when a an organism has and advanteous trait?
natural selection
what produces FSH and LH that play a role in ovulation,lactation,sperm development and testosterone production?
gonadotrophs
what is considered the basic units of female reproduction system with each containing a single immature egg that is released during ovulation?
oocytes
what describes the muscular organ that processes food material into increasingly smaller pieces, mixes it with saliva to create bolus and creates a barrier to transport food into the esophagus?
the tongue
which of the chambers of the heart receive blood returning from the lungs during pulmonary circulation?
left atrium receives oxygenated blood then movies it downward to the left ventricle
what lobe in the cerebral cortex primarily is responsible for processing and integrating sensory information received from the rest of the body?
the parietal lobe is considered the primary sensory precessing and integrating center of the brain
what is an example of adaptive or specific immunity?
the humoral immune response is characterized but he mediation and production of antibodies where B lymphocytes recognize and attach pathogens together to prevent dispersal
what describes a situation in which research results are consistent with every subsequent experiment but the test used in the experiment does not measure what it claims to measure?
reliable but not valid
what mendellian law describes how pairs of elleles within genes separate and recombine separately from other genes?
law of segregation
what describes how atomic radius varies across the periodic table?
periodic table is top to bottom and atomic radius is left to right
what is not a tissue layer found in skeletal bone?
enamel is a tissue found on teeth not skeletal bones
what sets of valves are primarily responsible for preventing blood flow from major blood vessels to the heart?
semilunar valve are present in the pulmonary trunk and the aortic trunk so they allow blood to enter the bezels and prevent its return back to the heart
what is the connective area where nerve impulses send neurotransmitters across a synapse to a muscle cell to stimulate muscle contraction?
neuromuscular junctions are the location in which the nervous system communicates with the muscular system to create muscle contraction and movement
bone is composed primarily of what inorganic material?
calcium is the most abundant mineral
what region of the brain controls and regulates autonomic functions such as respiration, digestions and heart rate?
the medulla oblongata along with the pons regulates critical body functions
what is the primary physical barrier the body uses to prevent infection?
the skin
what describes the primary function of the pyloric sphincter?
the pyloric sphincter acts as a valve at the connection of the stomach and small intestines
where is the location of fertilization in the female?
a released ovum stays in the fallopian tube for 24 hours and if not fertilized then it moves through the uterus. If implantation does occur it stays in the tube for several days and moves to uterus for implantation
where is the pineal gland located?
the pineal gland is located in the epithalamus and is a gland involved in the production of melatonin
what process aidds scientists in observing the population sample in order to answer questions about the whole population?
inferential statistics
what biological macromolecule is non soluble. composed of hydrocarbons and acts as an important source of energy storage for the body?
lipids
what is the specialized tissue of the right atrium that acts as the heart's natural pacemaker by generating the electrical signal for the heartbeat?
the sinoatrial node is an area of specialized muscle tissue on the right atrium that generates and electrical signal which spreads from cell to cell to generate the heartbeat
what is a dense interconnected mass of nerve cells located outside of the CNS called?
ganglions are dense clusters of nerve cells responsible for processing sensory information and coordinating motor activity
what is the primary cell found in the tract of the small intestine?
surface absorptive cells line the small intestines
by what process do specialized cells called osteoblasts form new bone tissue through deposition of calcium?
ossification is the general term for the formation or conversion of bone by osteoblasts
what describes the general function of cytokines in the immune system?
cytokines are small proteins released by cells that play a role in communication and behavior. Some also play a role in immune response activation by triggering inflammation, fever and other responses
what describes the path through which air moves during inhalation?
the mouth/nose ending with alveoli
what is not a function of progesterone in the female reproductive system?
it regulates secondary sexual characteristics is done by estrogen not progesterone
what layer of skin acts as an anergy reserve by storing adipocytes and releasing them into circulation when energy is needed?
the hypodermic is the thickest layer of skin and the site of store fat
neurotransmitters send chemical messages across the gap between neuron and another in what structure?
snapses are connections between two neurons where nerve signals trigger the release of neurotransmitters which carry the nerve impulse across the synaptic cleft between cells to be received by the receptor site of the next cell
what is hund's rule?
hunts rule is that electrons fill orbitals in a specific order and the fill orbitals singly with similar spin before pairing
what is the primary function of the large intestine?
the large intestine (colon) is and S shaped organ that dehydrates food material as it travels through the organ and is eliminated in the rectum
should the experiment have separate or one filter?
using one filtration would keep are water equal
what is the experiment an example of?
a controlled experiment requires researchers to compare an experimental group with a control group
what is the control group of the experiment?
tank A
what is the type of white blood cells that play a key role in adaptive immunity by seeking out, attacking and destroying targeted pathogens?
T cells are a type of cell that originates in the thymus with four different variations which serve a different function
what are the blood vessels that transport blood to the heart?
veins are blood vessels that move blood to the heart using a series of valves
what cell organelles are the site for lipid synthesis?
a smooth endoplasmic reticulum is a series of membranes attached to the cell nucleus and plays a role in the production and storage of lipids
what describes a series of measurements that produce exact results on a consistent basis?
precision describes measurements that are consistently close to one another and the average measurment
chromatids divide into identical chromosomes and migrate to the opposite ends of the cell in what phase of mitosis?
sister chromatids of each chromosome are pulled apart by the spindle and pulled to opposite controsomes during ANAphase causing cell elongation in the process
a series of muscle contractions that transport food down the digestive tract in a wave like fashion is called?
peristalsis begins in the esophagus where the bolus food material is swallowed and continues to transport food to the stomach, the small intestines and large intestines
what is not a function of the liver?
insulin production is in the pancreas not liver
2C^6H^14 + 19O^2 --> 12 CO^2 + 14H2O
is what kind of reaction?
combustion reaction - a reaction with o2 in order to produce co2 and h2o
what region of the digestive system is amylase produced?
the pancreas and salivary glands
what describes a cell's reaction to being placed in a hypertonic solution?
a hypertonic solution has a higher concentration the the interior of the cell causing water to rush out of the cell to equalize causing the cell to shrink
what are two major zones of the respiratory system?
the conduction zone consisting of the upper respiratory tract from the nose and mouth to the trachea and the respiratory zone where the lower respiratory tract from the bronchioles serve a sites for gas exchange
what is not one of the major tissue layers of the alimentary canal?
the duodenum is a region of the small intestine that neutralizes materials entering from the stomach
what distinguishes an isotope of an element?
isotopes are atoms that differ in their number of neutrons but are otherwise identicals
what is the cartilaginous flap that protects the larynx from water or food while still allowing the flow of air?
the epiglottis is the protective flap at the entrance of the larynx
what describes the function of the fascia in muscle tissues?
fascia is connective tissue that encloses individual muscle fibers
what correctly describes a strong acid?
strong acids break apart into the constituent ions immediately when placed in water
the process that blood circulates oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues is called?
internal respiration
which of the materials that is secreted into hair follicles to waterproof and lubricate the skin?
sebum
what are the connective tissues that attach bone to bone to held strengthen joints?
ligaments
what is not a nucleobase of DNA
uracil is RNA not DNA
what material is the primary structure of protein of the epidermis, nails and skin?
karatin
what correctly describes atomic number?
the atomic number is the number of protons in an atom and defines the type of atom
- atoms are in order of increasing atomic number on periodic table
what is a description of generalized body of scientific observations?
scientific laws
what type of cells are the main transporters of oxygenn through the body?
red blood cells
what is the general term for a chemical substance that the body produces and transports through the blood to stimulate a cellular response?
hormones
what helps protect soft tissue from injury?
nails
what does the cytoplasm do?
break down material that enters through the cell membrane
what is abduction?
occurs when muscles contract and move a body part away from the midline by an abductor muscle
what is a red colored birthmark?
a vascular nerve or hemangioma where a proliferation of blood vessels occurs
what does the valance shell do?
the valence chill is the electron orbital shell that is furthest from the nucleus and incompletely filled
what creates movement?
muscles contracting and extorting force on the bone working in tandem to create movement
what does the cell cycle consist of?
interphase (cell growth)
mitosis (the division of chromosomes and nucleus)
cytokinesis (division of the cytoplasm)
when do allergies occur?
when the immune system treats a common foreign substance as a pathogen and attacks the substance with the igE antibody
what is the diaphragm responsible for?
the diaphragm is a muscle that increases the thoracic cavity when contracted allowing more space for the lungs during respiration
where do all white blood cells develop?
they develop in bone marrow and if matured in bone marrow are called B cells or T cells if in thymus
what is a heterozygous gene?
a gene that contains two alleles that are different from one another where one will be expressed as dominant in the phenotype and the other recessive
superior
toward the head of the body or body structure , above another part of the body
inferior
toward the lower end of the body or a body structure, below another body part
ventral
anterior : toward the front of the body, in front of another structure or body part
dorsal
posterior :toward the back of the body; behind another structure or body part
medial
toward the middle of the body; on the inter side of another structure or body part
lateral
toward one side of the body; on the outer side of another structure or body part
intermediate
between medial and lateral
proximal
closer to the trunk of the body
distal
farther from the trunk of the body
superficial
close to the surface of the skin
deep
far from the surface of the skin
prone
lying on the stomach
supine
lying on the back
prokaryotic cell
do not have nucleus
bacteria and archaea
DNA contained in nucleoid
eukaryotic cell
protozoa, fungi, plants, animals
Have a nucleus
DNA is in nucleus
multicellular
can be asexual or sexuaal
cardiovascular system
heart, veins, arteries and blood
delivers oxygen, nutrients and hormones to cells and removes cellular waste products
respiratory system
lungs, trachea, branchi and diaphragm
delivers oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide
integumentary system
protects organs, muscles, tissues and bones
regulares temperature and prevents dehydration
gastrointestinal system
mouth, esophagus, stomach, intestines, rectum, anus, liver, pancreas and gallbladder
breaks down and distributesnutrients to the body and excretes waste
genitourinary system
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, genitalia, ovaries, uterus and fallopian tubes
filters waste and excess water from blood, stores and excretes urine and controls reproductive functions
musculoskeletal system
bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons and cartilage
supports the body, body movement , body position, stores calcium and produces new blood cells
neurologic system
brain, spinal cord and nerves
conrols all of the body's essential functions through movement and senses
cell wall
rigid outer structure of the cell that provides support and protection against mechanical stress
plasma membrane
the outermost superficial layer of the cell composed of lipids and proteins that controls the movements of nutrients and waste in and out of the cell
cytoplasm
a gel like substance that makes up a cell's foundation gives cells their shape and breaks down waste
nucleus
a membrane-bound structure that contains genetic material and controls cell growth and reproduction
nucleoid
the central region of a prokaryotic cell that contains genetic material but does not have a surrounding membrane that controls cell growth and reproduction
nucleolus
a round structure that is located inside the nucleus of a cell that plays a major role in cell protein production by making ribosomal subunits from proteins and ribosomal RNA
organelles
membrane bound bodies within a cell, each of which has a specific function
endoplasmic reticulum
a series of membranes that extend through the cytoplasm that packages and transports proteins to other areas of the cell
golgi apparatius
flat and disc like organelles found in eukaryotic cells that receives proteins and lipids from the endoplasmic reticulum and packs them into vesicles and sends them to their final destination
vesicles
organelles that are made up of a lipid bilayer that regulates water levels and breaks down food particles and transports cellular products
mitochondria
large membrane bound organelles that generate energy for the body's cells
chromosomes
22 pairs or 46 total
allele
one of two or more versions of a gene that are inherited through one from each parent
dominant allele
the stronger of two inherited alleles
recessive allele
the weaker of two inherited alleles
homozygote
an individual who has inherited two of the same alleles for a particular trait
heterozygote
an individual who has inherited two different alleles for a particular trait
geneotype
the genetic makeup of an organism or a cell
phenotype
an individuals observable and biochemical characteristics such as height, eye color and blood type
mitosis
a cellular process that replicates chromosomes and produces two identical nuclei in preparation fro cell division; most often immediately followed by the equal division of the cell nuclei and other cell contents into two daughter cells
meiosis
the formation of egg and sperm cells where diploid cell (contain two sets of chromosomes so one set from each parents) undergoes DNA replication. this is followed by two rounds of cell division which produces four haploid sex cells (single set of chromoso
homeostasis
the tendency of an organism or cell to regulate its internal environment in order to maintain health and functions. regardless of outside conditions
ex:
body temperature
blood pressure
pHbalance
fluid and electrolyte balance
respiration
- controlled prima
energy
the capacity to do work or engage in physical activity
kinetic energy
the energy of motion
thermal energy
the energy of a substance in relation to its temperature
potential energy
stored energy
chemical energy
energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules and is released through chemical reactions
electrical energy
the energy generated by the flow of an electric charge through a conductor
nuclear energy
the energy released during nuclear fission or fusion especially when used to generate electricity
photosynthesis
a chemical process used by plants to convert sunlight into energy
cellular respiration
the process of converting nutrients into energy
acid
a substance that ionizes in an aqueous solution to produce hydrogen H+ ions
anion
a negative ion formed by electron gain relative to the neutral atom or molecule
atomic number
the number of protons in the nucleus
base
a substance that ionizes in an aqueous solution to produce hydroxide OH- ions
electrons
negative particles around the nucleus
ion
a charged particle formed by a molecule or atom when it loses or gains one or more electrons
isotope
two forms of the same element that have the same number of protons but a different member of neutrons
mass number
the sum or protons and neutrons in the nucleus
ph scale
a neutral solutions has a pH of 7
an acidic solution has a pH less than u7
a basic solution has a pH of more than 7
hypothesis
an idea or theory that is not yet proven but can be tested through experimentation
control variable
a variable that is held constant
independent variable
the variable that is manipulated by researchers to test the dependent variable
dependent variable
the variable that the researcher is testing
steps to the scientific method
1. ask a questions
2. conduct research
3. develop a hypothesis
4. design and conduct an experiment
5. analyze the data
6. accept or reject the hypothesis
noun
person, place or thing
pronoun
used in place of a noun ex: he, she , a
verb
action word
adjective
describes a noun or pronoun
adverb
describes a verb, adjective or other adverts
preposition
conveys a relationship between a noun or pronoun and another word in a sentence ex: before, at, except
conjuction
connects parts of a sentence ex: and , but, or
interjection
used to express emotion
article
precedes a noun and conveys specificity