Music Praxis- 5113

Medieval Era

500-1450
Gregoarian Chant, masses, troubadours, no distinct meter, monophonic, organum, drone accompaniment, motet

Machaut's Mess De Notre Dame

wrote the first mass in Medieval Era

Sections of the mass in order

Kyrie
Gloria
Credo
Sanctus
Benedictus
Agnus Dei

Medieval Motet VS Renaissance Motet

Medieval: a tenor line derived from plainchant with one or more upper voices in french or latin. Usually had a short, repeated rhythmic pattern
Renaissance: polyphonic setting of any sacred text.

Polyphony

multiple melodies hold significance

homophony

one melody accompanied by chords or harmony

Baroque Era

1600-1750
heavily ornamentation, organ used a lot and harpsichord
linear bass line

Classical Era

1730-1820
clear melody
homophonic

Renaissance Era

1450-1600
polyphonic begun
first instruments used
madrigal was formed

Nationalism movement

Romantic Era
used folk music in their compositions

Russian Nationalist

Glinka, Borodin, Balakirev, Musorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov

Czech Nationalist

Smentana, Dvorak, Janacek

Norway and Finland Nationalist

Grieg and Sibelius

England Nationalist

Elgar, Vaughan Williams, and Holst

Spain Nationalist

Albeniz, Granados, de Falla

Hungary Nationalist

Bartok and Kodaly

USA Nationalist

Ives, Harris, Gershwin, Copland

Program Music

tells a story (vivladi 4 seasons)

Absolute Music

No story

Impressionist Movement

soft instrumental colors
constant movement without distinct sectional borders. Melodies are featured around a single pitch

Impressionist

Ravel, Bartok, Oliver Messiaen, Gyorgy Ligeti, George Crumb

Schoenberg

Austrian
12-tone technique music

Neoclassical movement

19th century romantic era
large scale works of program musics
music returned to order, restraint, and formal balance

Neoclassical composers

Hindemith, Stravinsky, Richard Strauss, Prokofiev, de Falla, Aaron Copland

Minimalist movement

minimal amount of notes
minimal instruments
wall of sound rather than goal

Minimalist composers

Reich, Terry Riley, Philip Glass, John Adams, La Monte Young

Bossa Nova

Blues

A genre of African American music that often expresses frustration,sadness, or longing

Charley Patton

Father of the Delta Blues

Muddy waters

Hoochie coochie man
Blues

B.B. King

King of Blues
guitar player

T-Bone Walker

Among the first musicians to use the electric guitar as a solo blues instrument.

Leitmotif

a motif or theme associated throughout a music drama with a particular person, situation, or idea. (like jaws)

Organum

Medieval polyphony that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines

Opera Seria vs Opera Buffa

Seria- Serious
Buffa- Funny

Musical Modes

I Do Proclaim Lyrical Music Against Lorraine

Sonata Form

Exposition, Development, Recapitulation, Coda

Symphonic Form

Classical Era
1st movement: fast
2nd: slow
3rd: dance
4th: fast

Oratorio

religious or ethical subject

Waltz form

triple meter in a lively tempo

Baroque composers

Monteverdi, Frescobaldi, Corelli, Vivalid, Scarlatti, Rameau, Telemann, GF Hadel, JS Bach, Purcell

Mambo

cowbells often play strong syncopation.
Afro-Cuban

waltz vs mazurka

Waltz emphasis on downbeat
Mazurka emphasis on beat 2 or 3

Djembe

West African skin drum meant to be played with bare hands.

Kabuki

Japanese drama aimed at farmers, merchants, and other common folk

maqam

the system governing pitch and melody in Arab music

pipa

chinese four-stringed, pear-shaped, short-necked plucked lute

Erhu

Chinese bowed lute

Yangqin

Chinese trapezoidal hammered box-zither

Dizi

Chinese transverse flute

Repertoire International des Sources Musicales Online

musical database founded in Paris in 1952. Largest non-profit organization that documents musical sources from around the world

RILM Abstracts of Music Literature

International database focused on scholarship from aroud the world relating to any aspect of the musical discipline

Authentic Cadence

V-I

Plagal Cadence

IV-I

Deceptive Cadence

V-vi

Half Cadence

ends on V

Imperfect Cadence

Cadence:
I - V
ii - V
IV - V

Major scale degree

I, ii, iii, IV, V, vi, viio

Scale degree

I- Tonic
ii- supertonic
III- mediant
IV- subdominant
V- Dominant
VI submediant
VII- leading tone or subtonic

Natural Minor

major scale with lowered 3, 6, 7

Melodic Minor

6th and 7th are raised on the way up but not down

Harmonic Minor

a minor scale with a raised 7th

fugue

a musical form consisting of a theme repeated a fifth above or a fourth below its first statement

Dynamic Order

Grandma
Leon
Large
Adam
And
Molly
All
Visited
Preston

Hemiola

a shift of the rhythmic pulse from a division of 2 to a division of 3

Binary form

AB

rounded binary form

ABA or AA'A

ternary form

A-B-A

homophony

occurs when one melodic voice is prominent over the accompanying lines or voices

polyphony

Music with two or more melodies blended together.

Equal-voice polyphony

refers to polyphony that maintains the same thematic material in all the individual voices. (canon)

Unequal-voice polyphony

refers to polyphony in which greater importance is given to one or more melodic lines.

contrary motion

lines that move opposite direction

parallel motion

musical lines that move in the same direction, same interval

similar motion

move in similar directions, but not same interval

oblique motion

one line stays stationary while the other line moves upward or downward

appoggiatura

approached by leap, resolved by step

suspension

dissonance tone sounds on a downbeat and is then resolved downward by step

passing tone

moves in a step wise motion through two consonant tones

neighbor tone

moves in a stepwise motion but returns to the original consonant tone

escape tone

is a dissonant note that is approached by step and resolved by a leap in the opposite direction.

relative minor

the minor key with the same key signature as a major key

parallel minor

a minor scale that starts on the same note as the major scale

concert band vs symphonic band

concert: popular music, 40-50 performers,
symphonic: orchestra music, more instruments 90-120 performers

choral balance

equal level of sound coming from all vocal parts

choral blend

uniformity of vowel formation

ostinato

a musical phrase repeated over and over during a composition
Baroque call is: basso ostinato or ground bass
Jazz call it: riff or vamp

arpeggiation

Playing the notes of a chord one after another.

double stop

playing two strings at the same time

natural harmonics

overtones produced by touching the open string very lightly at various points from the bridge

portamento

a continuous progression from one pitch to another, gliding through all the pitches in between

pizzicato

plucking the strings

con sordino

play with a mute

scordatura

tuning a string instrument to something other than standard tuning

martele

hammered; heavily accented staccato

ponticello

near the bridge

sul tasto

over the fingerboard

loure

somewhat detached notes within a slur

portato

slightly enunciate each note within a slur using bow weight and speed

spiccato

stroke with the bow bouncing off the string

sautille

bouncing bow, rapid spiccato, very close to string

bow tremolo

tenuto

hold the note for its full value; may also mean to stress the note

up bow

symbol- V

down bow

pick up note

John Curwen

Creator of solfege hand symbols

Kodaly

Who developed the adaptation of solfege for the musical instruction of children?

concert master

principle first violinist/ plays solo violin passages and coordinates bowing of string instruments.

New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians

standard authoritative text, offers most up-to-date and complete resource available.

Program notes

-key elements to understand the work: contextual background, historical context, first performance, scoring, musical style,

Trumpet math

1st- 1/2 step
2nd- full step
3rd- 1 1/2 step

middle C

C4

Elementary Children need to experience..... first

rhythm

Grades K-4 should be able to:

1. sing independently and in a group on pitch
2. perform instruments in groups with easy rhythmic, melodies.
3. be able to read basic notation to eigth notes, basic dynamic markings, and understand 2/4 and 4/4
4. verify music sounds
5. should explain thei

Grades 5-8 should be able to:

1. sing with 2 or 3 parts
2. improvise short melodies and simple harmonic accompaniments.
3. should be able to read 16th and dotted notes and understand compound meters.
4. describe and analyze specific elements of music in listening.

Grades 9-12 should be able to:

1. sing large varied vocal repertoires.
2. more complex

Students going through puberty need.....

self expression, autonomy, and acceptance in t heir music learning.

Phyllis Weikart

Music education, music and movement. Kinesthetic experiences

5 elements of Comprehensive Musicianship through Performance

Music selection, objectives, analysis, strategies, and assessment

Gordon's Music Learning Theory

centers around the concept of audiation, a term used to describe the internalization of music when performing, listening, or composing.

Orff

emphasized children's natural tendency to play as a key component to musical discovery and development.

Dalcroze eurhythmics

physical movement as a tool for musical development

Kodaly

Trademark teaching methods using solfege hand signs, musical shorthand, rhythm solmization

Dalcroze

Rhythmic Gymnastics - teaches concept of rhythm, structure, and expression through movement.

Blooms Taxonomy

1. Knowledge
2. Comprehension
3. Application
4. Analysis
5. Synthesis
6. Evaluation

Bennett Reimer

Wrote A Philosophy of music education. General music courses involve listening, composing, and performing for all students.

Hearing loss

Musicians should not practice louder than 90 decibels for more than two hours. Portable devices decibels no more than 85

Simple Sound System

input transducer-microphone
-signal processing- mixing console through which the audio signals are processed in 3 ways.
(1. audio signal goes through a preampfification system, 2. audio signal goes through equalizer (audio engineer adjust) then can underg

MIDI

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