Medieval Era
500-1450
Gregoarian Chant, masses, troubadours, no distinct meter, monophonic, organum, drone accompaniment, motet
Machaut's Mess De Notre Dame
wrote the first mass in Medieval Era
Sections of the mass in order
Kyrie
Gloria
Credo
Sanctus
Benedictus
Agnus Dei
Medieval Motet VS Renaissance Motet
Medieval: a tenor line derived from plainchant with one or more upper voices in french or latin. Usually had a short, repeated rhythmic pattern
Renaissance: polyphonic setting of any sacred text.
Polyphony
multiple melodies hold significance
homophony
one melody accompanied by chords or harmony
Baroque Era
1600-1750
heavily ornamentation, organ used a lot and harpsichord
linear bass line
Classical Era
1730-1820
clear melody
homophonic
Renaissance Era
1450-1600
polyphonic begun
first instruments used
madrigal was formed
Nationalism movement
Romantic Era
used folk music in their compositions
Russian Nationalist
Glinka, Borodin, Balakirev, Musorgsky, and Rimsky-Korsakov
Czech Nationalist
Smentana, Dvorak, Janacek
Norway and Finland Nationalist
Grieg and Sibelius
England Nationalist
Elgar, Vaughan Williams, and Holst
Spain Nationalist
Albeniz, Granados, de Falla
Hungary Nationalist
Bartok and Kodaly
USA Nationalist
Ives, Harris, Gershwin, Copland
Program Music
tells a story (vivladi 4 seasons)
Absolute Music
No story
Impressionist Movement
soft instrumental colors
constant movement without distinct sectional borders. Melodies are featured around a single pitch
Impressionist
Ravel, Bartok, Oliver Messiaen, Gyorgy Ligeti, George Crumb
Schoenberg
Austrian
12-tone technique music
Neoclassical movement
19th century romantic era
large scale works of program musics
music returned to order, restraint, and formal balance
Neoclassical composers
Hindemith, Stravinsky, Richard Strauss, Prokofiev, de Falla, Aaron Copland
Minimalist movement
minimal amount of notes
minimal instruments
wall of sound rather than goal
Minimalist composers
Reich, Terry Riley, Philip Glass, John Adams, La Monte Young
Bossa Nova
Blues
A genre of African American music that often expresses frustration,sadness, or longing
Charley Patton
Father of the Delta Blues
Muddy waters
Hoochie coochie man
Blues
B.B. King
King of Blues
guitar player
T-Bone Walker
Among the first musicians to use the electric guitar as a solo blues instrument.
Leitmotif
a motif or theme associated throughout a music drama with a particular person, situation, or idea. (like jaws)
Organum
Medieval polyphony that consists of Gregorian chant and one or more additional melodic lines
Opera Seria vs Opera Buffa
Seria- Serious
Buffa- Funny
Musical Modes
I Do Proclaim Lyrical Music Against Lorraine
Sonata Form
Exposition, Development, Recapitulation, Coda
Symphonic Form
Classical Era
1st movement: fast
2nd: slow
3rd: dance
4th: fast
Oratorio
religious or ethical subject
Waltz form
triple meter in a lively tempo
Baroque composers
Monteverdi, Frescobaldi, Corelli, Vivalid, Scarlatti, Rameau, Telemann, GF Hadel, JS Bach, Purcell
Mambo
cowbells often play strong syncopation.
Afro-Cuban
waltz vs mazurka
Waltz emphasis on downbeat
Mazurka emphasis on beat 2 or 3
Djembe
West African skin drum meant to be played with bare hands.
Kabuki
Japanese drama aimed at farmers, merchants, and other common folk
maqam
the system governing pitch and melody in Arab music
pipa
chinese four-stringed, pear-shaped, short-necked plucked lute
Erhu
Chinese bowed lute
Yangqin
Chinese trapezoidal hammered box-zither
Dizi
Chinese transverse flute
Repertoire International des Sources Musicales Online
musical database founded in Paris in 1952. Largest non-profit organization that documents musical sources from around the world
RILM Abstracts of Music Literature
International database focused on scholarship from aroud the world relating to any aspect of the musical discipline
Authentic Cadence
V-I
Plagal Cadence
IV-I
Deceptive Cadence
V-vi
Half Cadence
ends on V
Imperfect Cadence
Cadence:
I - V
ii - V
IV - V
Major scale degree
I, ii, iii, IV, V, vi, viio
Scale degree
I- Tonic
ii- supertonic
III- mediant
IV- subdominant
V- Dominant
VI submediant
VII- leading tone or subtonic
Natural Minor
major scale with lowered 3, 6, 7
Melodic Minor
6th and 7th are raised on the way up but not down
Harmonic Minor
a minor scale with a raised 7th
fugue
a musical form consisting of a theme repeated a fifth above or a fourth below its first statement
Dynamic Order
Grandma
Leon
Large
Adam
And
Molly
All
Visited
Preston
Hemiola
a shift of the rhythmic pulse from a division of 2 to a division of 3
Binary form
AB
rounded binary form
ABA or AA'A
ternary form
A-B-A
homophony
occurs when one melodic voice is prominent over the accompanying lines or voices
polyphony
Music with two or more melodies blended together.
Equal-voice polyphony
refers to polyphony that maintains the same thematic material in all the individual voices. (canon)
Unequal-voice polyphony
refers to polyphony in which greater importance is given to one or more melodic lines.
contrary motion
lines that move opposite direction
parallel motion
musical lines that move in the same direction, same interval
similar motion
move in similar directions, but not same interval
oblique motion
one line stays stationary while the other line moves upward or downward
appoggiatura
approached by leap, resolved by step
suspension
dissonance tone sounds on a downbeat and is then resolved downward by step
passing tone
moves in a step wise motion through two consonant tones
neighbor tone
moves in a stepwise motion but returns to the original consonant tone
escape tone
is a dissonant note that is approached by step and resolved by a leap in the opposite direction.
relative minor
the minor key with the same key signature as a major key
parallel minor
a minor scale that starts on the same note as the major scale
concert band vs symphonic band
concert: popular music, 40-50 performers,
symphonic: orchestra music, more instruments 90-120 performers
choral balance
equal level of sound coming from all vocal parts
choral blend
uniformity of vowel formation
ostinato
a musical phrase repeated over and over during a composition
Baroque call is: basso ostinato or ground bass
Jazz call it: riff or vamp
arpeggiation
Playing the notes of a chord one after another.
double stop
playing two strings at the same time
natural harmonics
overtones produced by touching the open string very lightly at various points from the bridge
portamento
a continuous progression from one pitch to another, gliding through all the pitches in between
pizzicato
plucking the strings
con sordino
play with a mute
scordatura
tuning a string instrument to something other than standard tuning
martele
hammered; heavily accented staccato
ponticello
near the bridge
sul tasto
over the fingerboard
loure
somewhat detached notes within a slur
portato
slightly enunciate each note within a slur using bow weight and speed
spiccato
stroke with the bow bouncing off the string
sautille
bouncing bow, rapid spiccato, very close to string
bow tremolo
tenuto
hold the note for its full value; may also mean to stress the note
up bow
symbol- V
down bow
pick up note
John Curwen
Creator of solfege hand symbols
Kodaly
Who developed the adaptation of solfege for the musical instruction of children?
concert master
principle first violinist/ plays solo violin passages and coordinates bowing of string instruments.
New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians
standard authoritative text, offers most up-to-date and complete resource available.
Program notes
-key elements to understand the work: contextual background, historical context, first performance, scoring, musical style,
Trumpet math
1st- 1/2 step
2nd- full step
3rd- 1 1/2 step
middle C
C4
Elementary Children need to experience..... first
rhythm
Grades K-4 should be able to:
1. sing independently and in a group on pitch
2. perform instruments in groups with easy rhythmic, melodies.
3. be able to read basic notation to eigth notes, basic dynamic markings, and understand 2/4 and 4/4
4. verify music sounds
5. should explain thei
Grades 5-8 should be able to:
1. sing with 2 or 3 parts
2. improvise short melodies and simple harmonic accompaniments.
3. should be able to read 16th and dotted notes and understand compound meters.
4. describe and analyze specific elements of music in listening.
Grades 9-12 should be able to:
1. sing large varied vocal repertoires.
2. more complex
Students going through puberty need.....
self expression, autonomy, and acceptance in t heir music learning.
Phyllis Weikart
Music education, music and movement. Kinesthetic experiences
5 elements of Comprehensive Musicianship through Performance
Music selection, objectives, analysis, strategies, and assessment
Gordon's Music Learning Theory
centers around the concept of audiation, a term used to describe the internalization of music when performing, listening, or composing.
Orff
emphasized children's natural tendency to play as a key component to musical discovery and development.
Dalcroze eurhythmics
physical movement as a tool for musical development
Kodaly
Trademark teaching methods using solfege hand signs, musical shorthand, rhythm solmization
Dalcroze
Rhythmic Gymnastics - teaches concept of rhythm, structure, and expression through movement.
Blooms Taxonomy
1. Knowledge
2. Comprehension
3. Application
4. Analysis
5. Synthesis
6. Evaluation
Bennett Reimer
Wrote A Philosophy of music education. General music courses involve listening, composing, and performing for all students.
Hearing loss
Musicians should not practice louder than 90 decibels for more than two hours. Portable devices decibels no more than 85
Simple Sound System
input transducer-microphone
-signal processing- mixing console through which the audio signals are processed in 3 ways.
(1. audio signal goes through a preampfification system, 2. audio signal goes through equalizer (audio engineer adjust) then can underg
MIDI
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