The earliest surviving musical imstruments were made from
Bone
All of the following types of evidence about musical culture from ancient civilizations survive today except
Recorded sound
Historians mark the end of the prehistoric era as the time when people
Invented writing
The origins of western music can be traced to civilizations from
Iraq and Syria
Why, throughout history, do scholars know more music-,asking activities of elite members of any given society than of others in that society?
Only the elite could afford to pay composers to write music and artisans to make instruments
All of the following instruments existed in Mesopotamia except
Bowed instruments
________ is a type of music found in ancient Mesopotamia, but no longer used in western cultures today.
Music to accompany epic poetry
Enheduanna, the first composer known by name, was an Akkadian
Priestess
The earliest surviving complete piece of music is written on
A clay tablet
In Ancient Greek mythology, the lyre was associated with
Apollo
Scholars think that memory and improvisation played an important role in Greek music-making because
Ancient Greek writings praise musicians for their excellent memories
The Ancient Greek civilization lasted for approximately how many years?
1,000
All of the following wrote About Greek music except
Orpheus
_____ discovered the relationship between consonant intervals and mathematic ratios
Pythagoras
Plato asserted that music. Was an essential component of education because
Studying music helps to balance mental and physical activity
According to Aristotle, different kinds of melodies could cause the listener to experience
Emotions
Who is likely to have written this: "it is....plain that music has the power of producing certain effect on the ethos of the soul, and if it has the power to do this, it is clear that the young must've directed to music and must be educated in it.
Aristotle
According to Aristoxenus, rhythm in music closely aligns with
Poetry
In Greek music theory, the various tonoi were associated with different
Emotional states
The names assigned to Ancient Greek modes (Ionian, Dorian, Phrygian) were derived from
ethnic names originally associated with styles of music practiced in different regions of Greece
The Epitaph of Seikilos is a musical composition from
Ancient Greece
The fragmentary ode from Euripides Orestes exhibits all of the following except
The use of virtuosic improvisation
The tibia, tuba, Cornu, and buccina are instruments from
Ancient Rome
Emperor Theodosius made Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire in the year
392 c.e.
The man practice shared by early Judaism and the early Christian church was
The chanting of psalms
The Judaic system of chanting sacred tests according to a system of melodic formulas matching phrase divisions is called
Cantillation
The focal point of Christian mass is a symbolic reenactment of
The last supper
The group of influential Christian writers known as the church fathers included all of the following except
St. Paul
The church fathers advocated the singing of psalms because
It provoked devout thoughts and ideas of divine beauty
When did The Roman Empire split into the eastern (Byzantine) empire, centered in Constantinople, and the western empire, centered in Rome and milan?
392 c.e.
The schedule of days commemorating special events in the lives of Christ and the saints or times of year is called
Church calender
Byzantine chant spread from eastern empire to
Russia
The Frankish kings Pippin the Short and Charlemagne reigned
Ca. 750-815
Popes and secular rulers from the eighth century on sought to standardize the Catholic liturgy in order to
Centralize political and spiritual authority
The Holy Roman Empire was established when
Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne, King of France, emperor
Which phrase best describes old Roman chant?
The fund of melodic formulas and conventions on which singers improvised chant during the era of oral transmission
Why did church musicians develop a system for notating chant?
It helped advance the goal of disseminating a unified liturgy
When did chant notation evolve from unheightened neumes to staff notation?
Ca. 850-1025
The idea of staff lines and chefs was suggested by
Guido of Arezzo
F and C clefts were the most often used in chant notation because they are
Positioned just above the semitones in the diatonic scale
This writer was one of the first to articulate the concept of the seven liberal arts, which include music.
Martianus Capella
Which mode is recognizable by its distinct semitone interval above the final?
Phrygian
A melody that occupies a range from fourth or fifth below the final to a sixth above the final is called
Plagal
In the medieval Christian church, the primary purpose of liturgical music was to
Aid in the delivery of the text
The cycle of feasts celebrating events in the life of Christ and commemorating saints is called the
Church calendar
The mass is a symbol reenactment of which episode in the life of Christ?
The last supper
All of the following took place during the Mass except
Sacrificing a lamb
All of the following mass movements are part of the ordinary except the
Introit
This part of the Mass is sung on during lent, the forty days before Easter.
Tract
The longest and most melismatic chant of Mass Proper is the
Gradual
The cycle of prayers said throughout the day in monasteries and convents is called the
Rule of st. Benedict
The liturgy of the Office focused primarily on chanting the
Psalms
Which best describes a canticle?
A passage of poetry from anywhere in the bible other than the boo of psalms
How many psalms are there?
150
The manner of performance in which a soloist alternate singing with a choir is called
Responsorial
All of the following statements about characteristics of chant melodies are true except
Melodies usually ascend to the cadence
Why is Lesser Doxology added to the end of psalms?
To provide the psalm with a Christian context
A genre that consists of several stanzas, each sung to the same melody, is called
Hymn
In responsorial psalmody, the soloist sings which portion of the chant?
The psalm verse
Evidence of solo singing of certain chants during the Middle Ages comes from
The more ornate style of some chants as compare to others
Which chant of the ordinary is usually composed in neumatic style?
Sanctus
All of the following are examples of tropes except
Adding new parts for instruments such as the organ
Which of the following best represents the musical and textual form of a sequence?
A BB CC DD, etc
The composer of Ordom virtutum is
Hildegard of Bingen
Why was Hildegard of Bingen's music known only locally during her lifetime?
Most composers in the Middle Ages had only local reputation
Hildegard of Bingen did all of the following except
Officiate at Mass
From ca. 800 to ca. 1200, Europe experienced
Economic, educational, and artistic growth.
Charlemagne was
Holy Roman emperor
Goliard songs are in what language?
Latin
An epic narrative poem describing the deeds of a heroic character is called a
Chanson de Geste
Why do scholars believe that the the surviving secular song and dance repertory represents mostly that of the upper classes of society?
The lower social classes were non-literate and so they could not write down their music
The modern French language evolved from which medieval vernacular language?
Langue d'oil
Eleanor of Aquitaine was all of the following except
Countess of Dia
Bernart de Ventadorn was a
Troubadour
Bernart de Ventadorn worked for
Eleanor of Aquitaine
Because the same troubadour or trouv�re song may appear in several manuscripts with slight variations in the test and music, scholars believe that
The songs were te smitten orally and later written down
The theme of fin' amors in trouv�re songs concerns the topic of
Respectful love toward an unattainable noble woman
All of the following statements are true of troubadour and trouv�re melodies except
The declamation is usually melismatic
Pastoral songs take place in what kind of setting?
A rural setting
Adam de la Halle composed which piece?
Jeu de Robin et de Marion
Adam de la Halle's robin m'aime is in
Rondeau form
After the Norman Conquest, this language wa used by the nobility in England
French
Walther Von der Volgelweide was a famous
Minnesinger
Stollen and Abgesang are parts of a song in
Bar form
Walther Von der Vogelweide's Pal�stinalied is a song About
The crusades
Most Laude originated in
Italian cities
Which form best represents the musical/poetic structure of cantiga?
A bba A
Which best describes a Shawm?
A double-reeded instrument similar to the oboe
Which best describes a Carole?
A fence instrumental dance
Which of the following is a type of medieval dance?
Estampie
Why is early polyphony considered a sort of gloss on the chant repertory?
The added melodies elaborate on the authorized chants
The earliest written polyphony exhibited all of the following except
Meter
The treatise musica enchiriadis and scholica enchiriadis. Use the term organum to describe
Two or more voices singing different notes in agreeable combinations according to given rules
In organum, the voice presenting the chant is called the
Principal voice
Note against note organum offers composers freedom because
The original part can be moved in contrary, oblique, parallel, or similar motion
In the twelfth century, which movement of the mass would most likely be set polyphony with organum?
Gradual
Aquitanian polyphony originated in
France
Which format best describes the presentation of music in the original sources of Aquitanian and notre dame polyphony?
The parts are aligned vertically in score format
In the notation of the rhythmic modes, the rhythm duration was indicated by
Ligature patterns
How many rhythmic modes are there?
6
The rhythmic modes were developed by composers working at the
Cathedral of notre dame in Paris
Although anonymous IV names Leoninus and Perotinus as creators of polyphony, scholars are unsure of exactly what they wrote. Why is this?
No surfing sources of polyphony name either of them as composers
In Notre Dame-style polyphony, composers set melismas in the original chant as distant because
Setting melismas as organum would make the music too long
Scholars think that the organum of Leoninus and Perotinus was first composed orally and was later written down. All of the following observations provide evidence for this except
The compositions in the manuscripts know as Magnus Liber Organum are all anonymous
Most subsequent clausulae were written in
Distant style
Voice exchange is when
Voices trade phrases
You discover a previously unknown composition that is an organum triplum. Who is likely to have composed it?
Perotinus
A polyphonic conductus is a setting of
A single Latin poem sun in all voices
All of the following describe ways in which early thirteenth-century composers reworked motets except
Deleting the original chant and writing one with more new voices
The term cantus firmus, introduced around 1270,is synonymous with which of the following terms?
Tenor
All of the following a renames of rhythmic durations in Franconian notation except
Short
Composers of the late thirteenth-century motets was
Adam de la Halle
English polyphony in the thirteenth century exhibits a preference for
simple, syllabic, repeating melodies.
The interest in capturing the pleasure of daily life in song, art, and literature could be interpreted as a response to what fourteenth-century condition?
The difficulty of life caused by a long- term economic slump, famine, and rise of disease
When did the Black Death epidemic peak in Europe?
Ca 1350
During the Babylonian captivity, the papal throne was in
Avignon
What effect did the great schism have on fourteenth century society?
It weakened papal authority
Which best describes the attitude of secularism?
Knowledge of the humanity and nature is based on direct observation and experience
All of the following artistic creations exemplify interest in secular society and experiences of every day life except
Dante's divine comedy
The Roman de Fauvel is an allegory about
Corruption at the French court
The Roman de Fauvel includes isorhythmic motets by
Philippe de Vitry
The treatise known as Ars Nova describes
The expanded system of rhythm and meter
In fourteenth-century French music, the smallest possible rhythmic value was called the
Minim
Fourteenth-century music saw an increased use of thirds and sixths as
Imperfect consonance
Guillaume de Machaut lived
Ca. 1300-1377
Machaut wrote in all of the following genres except
Monophonic chanson
Why is it difficult to evaluate Machaut's place in the history of fourteenth-century music?
Very little music by his contemporaries survives
Machaut's virelai douce dame Jolie used the literary theme of
Fin' amors
Which of the following provides evidence that Machaut conceived of his polyphonic songs with the cantus, not the tenor, as the principal voice?
At least one monophonic song appears in a later manuscript with a tenor
In Machaut's songs melismas are decorative (rather than serving to emphasize the text) when they occur
On unaccented syllables
Which of the following has a French text?
Philippus de caserta's en remirant vo douce pourtraiture
All of the following are likely reasons why the Ars subtilior went out of fashion except
The former fixes went out of style
Jacopo da Bologna's non al amante sets a text by which famous Italian poet?
Francesco Petrarca
Which of the following compositional devices is characteristic of Italian tracento madrigals?
Melismas on the first syllables of poetic lines
The Italian ballata is similar in form to the
Virelai
All of the following guide scholars and performers about the use of voices and instruments in fourteenth-century polyphony except
The composers indications in the manuscript
Europe emerges as a world power during the Renaissance for all of the following reasons except
People learned that the earth revolves around the sun
Many aspects of European culture in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries were influenced by
The revival of Ancient Greek and Roman writing and art
Which phrase best describes the meaning of the term humanism?
The study of things pertaining to human knowledge
Which of the following is an example of humanism?
Imitating Ancient Greek and Roman orators to argue a point of view persuasively
Proportionately more music from the fifteenth century survives with the names of the composers compared to previous eras. What explains is?
The intellectual movement of humanism was regarded as more important than improvisation
In Renaissance music, composers use cadences and contrasts of texture to make the musical structure of a com
Position clear. This is similar to what aspect of contemporary art?
Clarity of line and function of architecture
In the Renaissance, most musicians also served as
Church officials
In the Renaissance how were women most likely to receive musical instruction?
They received lessons as novices or nuns in convents
Why was Italy such an important region for musical patronage in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?
Italy was comprised of numerous city-states, each it hits own ruler and court
The development of an international musical style in the fifteenth century can be attributed to
The migration of composers between northern and southern courts
Music of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries can be viewed as a unified repertory due to consistent use of what compositional technique across the two centuries?
Strict control of dissonance
Why, in 1477, did music theorist Johannes Tinctoris opine that "there is no composition written over forty years ago which is....worthy of performance?
Tinctoris found the older compositions too dissonant
Mean-tone temperaments, in which intervals are adjusting slightly so that thirds sound consonant, demonstrate what aspect of Renaissance thinking?
The preference for human experience over received wisdom
As the Renaissance progressed, composers increasingly favored musical structures based on
The grammar and emotional content of the text
All of the following demonstrate ways in which composers projected the texts they set to music expect
Using just intonation to create acoustically pure fifths and thirds
Music theorist Franchino Gaffurio incorporated the idea of which writer into his treatises?
Plato
In his treatise Dodekachordon, Garean adds four modes to the eight church modes to parallel the Greek system of tonoi. This reflects what aspect of Renaissance thinking?
The synthesis of Greek culture with inherited Christian ideas
Renaissance writers echoed the Ancient Greek idea that music should be a part of every citizens education. And example of this is
The increase in a mature music-making
The development of music printing contributed to all of the following except
The increase in status of musical virtuosity
Printing from moveable type was first developed in
China
All of the following musical developments began during he sixteenth century except
The preference for four-voice polyphony with soprano, alto, tenor, and bass voice ranges.
During the Hundred Years' War England was at war with
France
When did the Hundred Years' War end?
1453
The English method of improvising polyphony on a given chant is called
Faburden
The term burden refers to
The refrain of a carol
In addition to being a musician, John Dunstable was a mathematician and an astronomer. His expertise in these three areas demonstrates that Dunstable was well trained in
The quadrivium
All of the following can be found in. Due stables sacred works except
Refrains
By the mid-fifteenth century composers rarely composed isorhythmic motets. Why did they abandon this genre?
The genre was considered old-fashioned by the fifteenth century
The Dukes of burgundy spent most of their time in what approximate modern day region?
Belgium
By ca. 1450, the most important musical institutions in Europe were the chapel of Th rulers of
England and burgundy
In the mid-fifteenth century composers wrote all of the following types of compositions expect
Magrigals
Binchois was the most I,portent composer at
The court of Philip the good, duke of burgundy
A rondeau is best represented by which form?
AB aA ab AB
Guillaume Du Fay worked in all of the following cities expect
Paris
Du Fay wrote resvellies vous in
Rimini
Du Fay early chansons sometimes included rapid subdivisions of the beat. The quality can be associated with his exposure to what type of musical style?
The Ars Subtilior
Elements of the English style in some of Du Fay's compositions include
Relatively brief, clearly demarcated phrases
The music for Du Fay's song Se Le Face Ay Pale is in
Through-composed form
Although composers mostly stopped writing isorhythmic motets, Du Fay and his contemporaries still wrote a few. Why?
The archaic technique added seriousness and solemnity to special ceremonial and state occasions
The idea of musically linking mass movements began with composers working in
England
In the early fifteenth century, composers began to musically link pairs of movements of mass ordinary. Most typical was to write Gloria-credo pairs. What explains the reason for pairing these two movements?
The Gloria and credo frame readings and responsorial chants, so linking the Gloria and credo musically framed the reading and chants.
How would DuFay's audiences have likely understood his use of his own secular song as the basis of his Missa Se La face Ay pale?
They would have likely related the Knights suffering for the sake of love in the song with Christi suffering on the cross for the sake of human souls
This secular melody was among the most frequently used as a basis of cyclic mass in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries.
L'homme Arme
After 1477, the territories in the Low Countries once (modern-day Belgium and the Netherlands) once possessed by Belgiundian dukes became part of which political entity?
France
This individual said that Ockegham and Busnoys were "the most outstanding. and famous professors of the art of music.
Johannes Tinctoris
This composer worked for the Burgundian court in the second part of the fifteenth century.
Antoine Busnoys
Which compositional feature distinguishes Ockeghem's and Busnoys's music from that of the preceding generation?
Frequent use of imitation
The fuller, darker sound of Ockeghem's music, compared to that of the previous generation, can be attributed to
Ockeghem's expanded lower range of voices
Which of the following stylistic features is characteristic of Ockeghem's music, as represented by Missa Prolationum?
Long, meandering melodies
Obrecht, Isaac, and Josquin are typical of musicians in the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries in all of the following ways except
They received university educations
This composer worked for the Medici family and the Holy Roman Emperor
Henricus Isaac
The influence of the Italian Canti Carnascialeschi on Isaac's music is evident when he writes
Tuneful melodies in the superior with other parts moving in a similar rhythm
A Lied is a polyphonic setting of a secular text in what language?
German
Compared to the music of composers active ca. 1450-1480, such as Busnoys and Ockeghem, the music of composers active in 1480-1520 reveals
Greater interest in fitting words to text
This composer worked for the duke or Ferrara
Josquin Desprez
Joaquin's fame as a composer during his lifetime can be attributed in part of which of the following?
The development of music printing
A compositional technique in which a single melody, either monophonic or drawn from polyphony, is presented-in any voice (though usually the tenor or superius)-with slight changes, elaborations, or deviations, and sometimes used for points of imitation, i
Paraphrase
This individual said "Josquin is the master of the notes. They must do as he wills; as for the other composers they have to do as the notes will.
Martin Luther
Why, beginning in the late fifteenth century, did composers abandon the former fixes?
The repetition schemes and refrains were at artistic odds with text expression
Joaquin's Missa Pange Lingua incorporates this compositional technique.
Paraphrase
This composer worked for for Loui XII, King of France, in the early sixteenthcentury
Antoine Fevin
A compositional technique in which all voices of an existing polyphonic work at reworked and adapt to a new polyphonic context is called
Imitation (parody)
All of the following are true of Josquin's d'argent except
The music conveys the mood of the text
The rise of notated instrumental music in the Renaissance can be attributed to
The increase in music literacy
The first printed book about musical instruments and how to play them was
Musica Getutscht, by Sebastian Virdung
Why did people in the Renaissance classify instruments according to the categories of haut and bas?
To distinguish between instruments that played at volume levels suitable for outdoor use and those suitable for indoor use.
This plucked, guitar like instrument was popular in Spain during the Renaissance
Vihuela
All of the following instruments were invented during the Renaissance except
The recorder
Which statement is accurate?
Renaissance instruments were well suited for music written for them, and the music suited the qualities of the instruments
This keyboard instrument was often played at home by women in england
Virginal
In the Renaissance, this instrument was used primarily to accompany social dancing
Violin
Renaissance music for accompanying dancers is characterized by all of the following except
Principal melodies in the bass voice
Who wrote "dancing is essential in a well-ordered society because it allows makes and females to mingle and observe one another
Thoinot Arbeau in Orchesographie
Pavanes, Galliards, passamezzos, and saltarellos are examples of
Dance types
Which composition best represents a stylized dance?
The Fearie-round, by Anthony Holborne
In Nomine settings were unique to which country?
England
Passamezzo antico, passamezzos modern, romanesca, and ruggiero are examples of
Bass ostinatos
Variation sets were particularly popular in which two countries?
England and Spain
This is a publication of variation sets for the virginal
Parthenia
Preludes, fantasias, and ricercari are all examples of
Improvisatory-sounding instrumental compositions
This type of composition is written to resemble an improvised piece
Toccata
All of the following are characteristic of toccatas except
Familiar melodies
The instrumental genre features a succession of themes, each developed in imitation, much like a motet.
Ricercare
This instrumental genre is comprised of a series of light, fast-moving sections, some contrapuntal,others less so. They typically begin with a rhythmic gesture of a long note followed by two half its value, such as a half note followed by two quarter note
Canzona
All of the following musicians held the position of choirmaster at st. Marks bascilica in Venice except
Sylvestro ganassi
Giovanni Gabrieli spent most of his career at
St. Marks bascilica in venice
Modern scholars and performers have met with challenges in reviving Renaissance music for lute and keyboard instruments because
The tablature notation is difficult to decipher