Has mass, takes up space
What are the common properties of matter?
Atoms are the building blocks of matter. Atoms are made of electrons, protons, and neutrons.
What is an atom and of what are they made?
Energy change; temperature, texture, odor, taste change
What is common in all chemical reactions? What are some indicators that a chemical reaction has taken place?
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen, Calcium, and Phosphorus
What are the six most common (by mass) elements in organisms?
Their incomplete outermost shell
What about their structure of carbon atoms allows them to form many bonds?
4
Generally, how many bonds does a single carbon atom make?
Double bonds to each oxygen
How many bonds does a carbon atom make to each oxygen atom in the carbon dioxide molecule?
An electron is ripped away from one atom to fill another atoms outermost shell. The atom that lost an electron becomes a positive ion while the atom that gained an electron becomes a negative ion./ electrons are taken(transferred)
Describe the behavior of electrons when atoms form ionic bonds.
When atoms share electrons equally; atoms become more stable
Describe the behavior of electrons when atoms form covalent bonds.
Electrons are drawn towards the more electronegative atom; electrons are shared inequally
Describe the behavior of electrons when atoms form polar covalent bonds.
Partially positive hydrogen is attracted to the negative area on the oxygen
Explain how one water molecule may form a temporary hydrogen bond to another molecule.
Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen
What elements make up carbohydrates?
C?H??O?
What is the formula for glucose
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are carbohydrates; chains of monosaccharides bonded together
What are monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides? Of what are di- and polysaccharides made?
Structure and energy storage(short + mid-term)
What are some of the uses organisms have for carbohydrates?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
elements in lipids
they are hydrophobic; insoluble
What is one common trait all lips have when exposed to water?
energy storage(long-term); structures
What are some uses organisms have for lipids?
It means it holds as much hydrogen as possible; hydrogen
What does it mean when a fatty acid chain is described as saturated? What element is less common in unsaturated chains?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
What elements are found in nucleic acids?
Phosphates and 5 carbon sugars; Nitrogenous base: adenine (A), guanine (G), thymine (T), cytosine (C)
What compounds make up the backbone of nucleic acids? What compounds make up the most important part of nucleic acids that actually encodes information?
amino acids
From what smaller molecules are proteins made?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
What elements make up proteins?
Enzymes are proteins that act as catalysts
What is the relationship between proteins and enzymes?
Enzymes allow reactions to take place faster with less activation energy, and/or more effectively and that keeps you alive
What role do enzymes play in biological reactions? Why is this important?
Because of its slightly positive ends and slightly negative ends; it is polar molecule
What property of the water molecule gives it the ability to dissolve such a wide arrange of materials?
Phospholipids contain phosphorus which makes them soluble in water; phospholipids are both hydrophobic and hydrophilic
How do phospholipids differ from lipids? What property do they posses that lipids do not?
Creates a bilayer with heads on the outside and tails on the inside
Describe how phospholipids form a cells plasma membrane.
Water's role as a solvent helps hold/ transport and use substances like oxygen and nutrients or wastes; helps maintain structure
Why is water important for keeping cells alive and healthy?
Proteins
What macromolecule produces nitrogenous waste as a result of hydrolysis?