personality
Some of the most important work in psychology and crime focuses on _____.
hereditary
Which of the following suggests a genetic tendency for criminal behavior is passed from parents to children?
It concerns the size and shape of skull as a measurement of criminality.
Which of the following best describes phrenology?
abnormality
Psychological approaches also suggest that criminality results from psychological _____.
low IQ
Which of the following may impair moral reasoning and the ability to appreciate the consequences of one's actions?
XYY
According to researchers, which chromosome pattern suggests men with long arms, acne and low intelligence?
superego
Which stage did Freud think represents internalization of society's moral code?
evolutionary Biology
Which of the following explanations suggests that for thousands of years certain favored traits survived through natural selection?
it impairs moral judgement
Which of the following suggests why low IQ may lead to crime?
moral development
Kohlberg's theory of _____ is an explanation of the ability to distinguish right from wrong and to determine the ethically correct course of action in complex cases.
PMS
Which of the following criminal defenses is based on the idea of women having "raging hormones"?
Men who used rape as a means to pass along their genes
Which of the following statements best describes cads?
serotonin
Which of the following is a neurotransmitter?
atavists
Cesare Lombroso considered criminals ____ or "throwbacks" to an earlier age of evolution.
It lasts until the age of 2 and involves learning about their immediate environment and developing their reflexes.
Which of the following best represents Kohlberg's sensorimotor period?
twinkie
An infamous criminal defense based on diet and nutrition is the ____ defense.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Relatively new technologies, such as positron emission tomography (PET) and _____, have enabled scientists to study the brain as never before.
somatology
In 1949, William Sheldon (1898-1977) published a book that outlined his theory of _____, which assumes that people's body shapes affect their personalities and hence the crimes they commit.
Sigmund Freud
Who introduced the idea of personality being a product of id, ego and superego?
concordance
When both members of a part act alike, it is called _____.
He believed them to be more naturally passive than men.
Why did Lombroso believe women committed so little crime?
testosterone
Which of the following is said to increase aggressiveness, risk taking and impulsiveness?
Crime arises from internal disturbances developing in early childhood.
Which of the following best reflects modern psychoanalytical explanations of crime?
act in anti-social ways
Individuals who experience early puberty often:
Historically, they have often used small, unrepresentative samples of offenders in prisons or mental institutions.
Which of the following is a common critique of psychological studies?
strain theory
According to ________ theory, individuals who are unable to succeed through legitimate means turn to other avenues that promise economic and social recognition?
goals; values
The strain theory of crime focuses on people's ________ as a factor in criminal behavior, while social disorganization theory is focused on issues with an offender's ________.
improving child management skills among parents
The social control-based program, Preparing for the Drug Free Years (PDFH), was found to be effective in ________.
goals or behavior
In both strain theory and cultural transmission theory, an important issue is that the individual's ________ do not fit in with the dominant society or culture.
cultural values
The social disorganization theory and culture conflict theory share the idea that the root cause of crime pertains to a disconnect between the ________ of people.
differential opportunities theory
Woodrow grew up watching his older brothers participate in a street gang. They had money, girlfriends, and, despite being arrested, the respect of their peers. If Woodrow decides to join the gang, he will demonstrate which approach to crime causation?
recreational opportunities
One of the objectives of the Chicago Area Project was to provide ________.
the Chicago Area Project
Which of the following programs that applies a social structure approach was found to be effective in reducing juvenile delinquency?
cultural conflict theory
Which theory sees the root cause of crime in a clash of values between variously socialized groups over what is acceptable behavior?
FALSE
Three Strikes" laws reflect a sociological approach to combatting crime.
TRUE
During the Age of Reason, science began to weaken religions influence.During the Age of Reason, science began to weaken religions influence.
comm
FALSE
Lombroso believed women were inherently more criminal than men.
TRUE
People in ancient times often thought crime was caused by possession.
TRUE
The United States utilizes mandatory sentences more than any other Western nation.
FALSE
Ectomorphs are muscular and prone to violence.