epistomology
how do we know what we know?
what distinguishes true (adequate) knowledge from false (inadequate) knowledge?
1. authority: acquiring knowledge from experts or those in power
- Albert Einstein and Galileo (why phenomenon occurs and how) the Catholic church
empiricism
PRINCIPLE OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY:
knowledge thats gathered from observation and experimentation with good questions "testable"
EX: is brand X cholesterol drugs better than brand Y's name?
replicability
PRINCIPLE OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY:
one time observation of an effect is not sufficient (anecdata! = data) and results from one researcher/group should be replicated by other scientists and groups
- replication of results provides evidence to support a hypot
objectivity
PRINCIPLE OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY:
not based on feelings and wants of researcher (assumptions, methods, definitions should be clear) when studies are well designed, failure can provide as much information as success can
transparency
PRINCIPLE OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY:
methods (statistical analysis plans) should be clear and prespecified (a priori) with many journals requiring archiving and posting of deidentified data and statistical code
falsifiability
PRINCIPLE OF SCIENTIFIC INQUIRY:
theories developed through scientific inquiry must be falsifiable without data collected to disprove hypothesis, not to verify them
- the process of scientific inquiry relies on observation of phenomenon, development of th
theory
well supported by evidence associated between two or more constructs
- theoretical statement proposes association between two or more constructs theorizing is a process that includes:
1. developing a research question
2. developing a theoretical statement
hypothesis
testable statement assessing specific association
literature
conducting _____________ search:
1. identifying topic
2. select database (PubMed, Google Scholar, Psychinfo)
3. develop keywords and search terms
4. conduct search (use keyword variations/Bolean operants)
5. narrow results to identify relevant papers (tit
philosophy
study of nature of knowledge (philosophia)
rationalism
belief that reason is fundamental source of knowledge
fallacies
these are the main four _____________:
1. cum hoc ergo propter hoc (with this, therefore because of this) two events coincide because they are causally related
2. converse accident or hasty generalizations: associated with prejudicial beliefs when general
a priori
knowledge stems from deduction and not experience
a posteriori
knowledge from direct observations and empirical evidence
phenomenological
theoretical explanation describing and generalizing phenomena without specific reference to causal mechanisms
EX. the health belief model is this type of theoretical explanation, scientists wanted to better understand widespread failure of people to parti
explanatory
theoretical explanation identifying and explaining causal mechanisms of phenomena
baconian inductivism
developed by Francis Bacon based on empirical and inductive principles and active development of new arts/inventions with ultimate goal of producing practical knowledge compromised of 3 components:
1. observation and classification of relevant facts
2. ge
hypothetic deductivism
method developed by Isaac Newton that entailed beginning with hypothesis and using deduction to make prediction for specific event tested through empirical observation
- opposite of baconian inductivism with strength to test any hypothesis and confirm val
false
the scientific literature includes newspapers and magazines
true
collection of data to test a theory often results in the need to refine and further test the theory, restarting the process of scientific inquiry
true
defining keywords and a search strategy are critical steps of conducting a literature search
false
external validity refers to whether a study is able to answer questions it was designed to answer
false
in hypotheico-deductivism, scientific inquiry begins with an observation, then theory formation, then data collection
true
the scientific process is complex and iterative
false
a hypothesis is a well-supported association between two or more constructs
all
which of the following systems are ways that people may gain knowledge and beliefs?
authority, logic, tradition, scientific inquiry
false
replication of results help us to prove that our hypotheses are completely true
true
transparent research plans mean that methods and statistical plans should be specified before data collection