What is true of vagueness
it occurs in varying degrees
when a claim is ambiguous due to the ambiguity of a particular word or phrase, it is referred to as having _____ ambiguity
semantic
the less detail a claim provides, the more general it is
true
please don't make any more late night phone calls. the part of this statement that is arguably vague is "anymore
false
newspaper headline "unskilled workers get shot at jobs" identify the type of ambiguity
semantic
cultural desire
personal motivation to become culturally aware by remaining open minded to learning and being accepting of others
cultural knowledge
information about cultural groups from resources such as journal articles such as journal articles, textbooks, workshops, and continuing education courses
cultural skill
ability to collect relevant information about cultural preferences in a professional manner
cultural encounters
the process of engaging with patients from culturally diverse backgrounds
cultural awareness
self examination to gain insight into their own beliefs and values
what describes the relationship between cultural competence and health disparities
1) understanding the needs of underserved patients and by identifying the unique resources available within these populations, the healthcare provider can positively impact patients healthcare experience.
2) working within the patients cultural needs and
what is true about being culturally correct
its expected to make mistakes in cross cultural encounters as long as you acknowledge and learn from them
cultural competence
1) providing interpreter services
2) recruiting and retaining professionals with minority backgrounds
3) incorporating culture specific attitudes in health promotion
4) training staff to improve cultural awareness
culture can be defined as a persons race, ethnic or national identity
false. race, ethnicity and nationality are only a part of culture, which has nothing to do with any aspect of group identity and related values, beliefs, and practices
a value judgment assess the merit, desirability, or praiseworthiness of someone or something
true
one principle of moral reasoning is that separate moral cases, if similar, must be given similar treatment
true
if someone appears to be violating the consistency principle, then the burden of proof is one that personal to show that he or she is in fact not violating the principle
true
moral relativism is a theory or framework according to which actions are right or wrong because of the beliefs of ones culture or group
true
deontologism is a moral theory or framework, especially connected with Mill, according to which actions are right or wrong because of the total happiness they bring about
false, the study of the nature of duty and obligation
in legal reasoning appeal to precedent is the practice of using a case that has already been decided as an authoritative guide in deciding a new case that is similar
true
appeal to precedent
the claim that a current case is sufficiently similar to a previous case that it should be settled in the same way
legal moralism
The theory that, if an activity is immoral, it should also be illegal
harm principle
The claim that the only way to justify a restriction on a person's freedom is to show that the restriction prevents harm to other people
legal paternalism
The theory that a restriction on a person's freedom can sometimes be justified by showing that it is for that person's own benefit
offense principle
The claim that an action or activity can justifiably be made illegal if it is sufficiently offensive
ethics
it can be difficult to evaluate whether two cases are the same or different
what frameworks for moral reasoning focuses mainly on ones intentions
deontology
doctors would help their terminally ill patients commit suicide by prescribing lethal doses of pain medication, this moral framework justifies this action
utilitarianism
one way to make headway in your own thinking about moral issues is to
get clear on which perspective, if any. you are assuming
which of the following perspectives has the view that the consequences of a decision, deed, or policy determine its moral value
consequentialism
which of the following focuses not on what to do but how to be
virtue ethics
which of the following moral philosophies are nonmaleficence and beneficence primarily associated with
consequentialism
which of the following descriptions fit justice as a bioethical principle
1) avoiding discrimination against patients
2) ensuring health care systems provide equal access to healthcare
3) ensuring the benefits and risks of biomedical research are shared among multiple groups
which of the following is an essential component of informed consent
1) the patient is considered competent
2) patients receive complete, truthful, and useable information
3) consent is voluntary
autonomy
state or condition of self governance or leading ones life according to reasons, values, or desires that are authentically ones own
Nonmaleficence
do no harm
beneficence
Doing good or causing good to be done; kindly action
justice
fairness; rightfulness
inconsistency ad hominem
thinking a person's inconsistencies refute his or her beliefs
straw man
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker chooses a deliberately poor or oversimplified example in order to ridicule and refute an idea.
false dilemma
A fallacy of oversimplification that offers a limited number of options (usually two) when in fact more options are available.
begging the question
A fallacy in which a claim is based on evidence or support that is in doubt.
misplaced burden of proof
the demand for evidence is placed on the wrong side of the issue
burden of proof
the obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary
hasty generalization
a fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer tries to support a general statement or rule by citing too few supporting cases
fallacy of the lonely fact
an alternative name for the fallacy of hasty generalization
population
an identifiable group of things
fallacy of a small sample
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer generalizes about a large or heterogeneous population on the basis of too small a sample.
Generalizing from Exceptional Cases
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer arrives at a general statement by citing an atypical supporting case.
Fallacy of Biased Sample
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer generalizes about a large or heterogeneous population on the basis of an atypical sample.
self selection fallacy
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer generalizes incautiously from a self-selected sample.
fallacy of accident
a fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer assumes that a general statement automatically applies to a specific case that is exceptional
weak analogy
a weak argument based on debatable or unimportant similarities between two or more things
mistaken appeal to authority
a fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer tries to support a contention by offering as evidence the opinion of a nonauthorative source
mistaken appeal to popularity
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer treats an issue that cannot be settled by public opinion as if it can.
mistaken appeal to common practice
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer tries to justify a practice on the grounds that it is traditional or is commonly practiced.
bandwagon fallacy
occurs when a speaker or writer treats an issue that cannot be settled by public opinion as if it can
post hoc ergo propter hoc
a fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer assumes that the fact that one event came after another establishes that it was caused by it
overlooking the possibly of coincidence
a fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer assumes that a coincidental temporal juxtaposition of two events is due to causation
overlooking a possible common cause
a fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer overlooks the possibility that two things may both be the effects of a third thing
overlooking the possibility of variation
a fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer assumes that random fluctuation is due to causation
Overlooking the Possibility of Regression
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer assumes that a change in the value of a variable from more atypical to less on subsequent measurements is due to causation.
Cum hoc ergo propter hoc
a fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer assumes that the fact that two events happen at about the same time establishes that one caused the other
overlooking the possibility of coincidence
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer assumes that a coincidental temporal juxtaposition of two events is due to causation.
overlooking a possible common cause
a fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer overlooks the possibility that two things may both be the effects of a third thing
Argument by Anecdote
A fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer tries to support a general claim by offering a story.
slippery slope
the fallacy that occurs when a speaker or writer rests a conclusion on an unsupported warning that is controversial and tendentious to the effect that something will have dire consequences
untestable explanation
An induction fallacy where someone offers an explanation that could not be tested even in principle.
euphemism
a neutral or positive expression used to overcome negative associations
dysphemism
a negative expression used to tone down positive associations
weaseler
a device used to water down or weaken a claim to give the author a way out
downplayer
a device used to diminish or downgrade a person or an accomplishment
stereotype
a generalization or assumption about all members of a group
innuendo
an insinuation of something deprecatory
loaded question
a question that rests on unwarranted or unjustified assumptions
hyperbole
exaggerated statements or claims not meant to be taken literally.
what is the difference between misinformation and disinformation
misinformation is unententially misleading or false, while disinformation is intentially misleading or false
algorithms help to spread or curtail mis and disinformation by prompting certain content over other content
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