Lisa's Approach to public speaking: The Four P's
Passion
Preparation
Practice
Play
The process or act of performing a speech to a live audience
Public Speaking
Any individual or group activity addressing issues of public concern. Citizens acting alone or together to protect public values or make a change or difference in the community are common types
Civic Engagement
91% of employers surveyed agreed that critical thinking and communicating are important
Value of Liberal Education
transitions, internal previews, internal summaries, signposts are known as _____________.
Connectives
Spend time on organization and organize at the macro and micro level. These are tips for ____________ your speech
Organizing
To inform my audience...." is the __________ ________ of an informative speech
Specific purpose
A single sentence summing up the main idea of your speech, it's the heart of your speech, and is NOT just a list of your main points
Thesis statement
The tendency to remember the first piece of information we encounter better than information presented later on
Primacy Effect
The order of presentation EFFECT that occurs when more recent information is better remembered and receives greater weight in forming a judgement
Recency Effect
A figure of speech involving the comparison of one thing with another thing of a different kind, used to make a description more emphatic or vivid. Using like or as
Simile
A figure of speech in which a word or phrase is applied to an object or action which is not literally applicable
Metaphor
The simple repeating of a word, within a short space of words, with no particular placement of the words to secure emphasis
Repetition
Figurative language in which a series of words, usually two or more neighboring words, have the same first consonant sound; however, sometimes repetition of sounds occur inside a word
Alliteration
What are the four styles of Delivery?
Impromptu
Manuscript
Memorized
Extemporaneous
What kind of speeches are ceremonial speeches and special occasion speeches?
Epideictic Speech
Figurative language in which two or more elements of a sentence (or series of sentences) have the same gramatical structure
Parallelism
Figurative language where human qualities are given to non-living objects
Personification
Figurative language which uses extreme exaggeration to make a point or show emphasis. It is the opposite of understatement
Hyperbole
The inability to differentiate between self and other
egocentric
Process of reasoning from one or more statements to reach a logically certain conclusion. Goes in the same direction as that of the conditionals and links premises with conclusions
Deductive Reasoning
Method of reasoning in which the premises are viewed as supplying some evidence for the truth of the conclusion
Inductive Reasoning
Brief statement referring to a point you are going to make. It can forecast or foreshadow a main point coming in your speech
Internal Preview
Speeches consisting of an argument that certain conditions should exist. These essays advocate adoption of POLICIES or courses of action because problems have arisen that call for a solution
Policy Claim
Are words particular to a certain age and are vague, but have "inherent potency" in their meanings. Such words include:
Progress
Freedom
Weaver's God Terms
Are words that seem impenetrable and automatically give a phrase positive meaning are NOT terms you avoid, but are rather terms that you embrace in describing the other side, and in helping to frame what your audience should be against
Weaver's Devil Terms
5 step organizational plan, developed in the 1930s by speech professor Alan Monroe, used for persuading an audience to take immediate action
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
First step of Monroe's Motivated Sequence:
Gain the _________ of the audience
Attention
Second step of Monroe's Motivated Sequence:
Explain the Problem
Need
Third step of Monroe's Motivated Sequence:
Present a solution to the problem
Satisfaction
Fourth step of Monroe's Motivated Sequence:
Seeing the benefits and practicality of the solution
Visualization
Fifth step of Monroe's Motivated Sequence:
Urge the audience to take specific response now
Action
Staging image events for _______ _________ is a rhetorical tactic of a number of advocates for social change
Media Dissemination
Protest speeches often make an impact through their representation by ____/_______ media
Mass
Social
Protest speakers should consider how their speech may attract/be portrayed in _______ ________
Media coverage
Who are we?
Who do we struggle against?
What is the injustice?
What are you going to do about it?
These are the four questions of a ________ _______.
Protest speech
Highlight key points; use clip art, pictures, charts, and graphs to illustrate points, not as fillers. _______ of visual aids.
Content
Two common reasoning problems...
Unclear
Faulty
Fallacies:
A pattern of reasoning rendered invalid by a flaw in its logical structure that can neatly be expressed in a standard logic system, for example propositional logic
Ad Hominem
Fallacies:
An idea or course of action which will lead to something unacceptable, wrong, or disastrous
Slippery Slope
Fallacies:
Generalization by reaching an inductive generalization based on insufficient evidence� essentially making a rushed conclusion without considering all of the variables
Hasty Generalization
Fallacies:
Since Event Y followed Event X, Event Y must have been caused by Event X
Post hoc ergo propter hoc (false cause)
Fallacies:
Consists of assuming that because two things are alike in one or more respects, they are necessarily alike in some other respect
False Analogy
Fallacies:
In which something is FALSELY claimed to be an "either/or" situation, when in fact there is at least one additional option
False Dilemma (either/or)
Common Reasoning Patterns (ADIC )
Analogical
Deductive
Inductive
Causal
Evidence, Supporting Materials: (STEF)
Statistics
Testimony
Examples
Facts
Three parts of an argument
Claim
Evidence
Reasoning
Parts of an argument:
What is the point you are trying to make?
Claim
Parts of an argument:
What do you have to go on?
Evidence
Parts of an argument:
How do you get there?
Reasoning
Four components of Ethos: (TGCD)
Trustworthiness (Good moral character)
Goodwill
Competence (Good sense)
Dynamism
Emotional prof or persuasive appeal based on the use of emotional appeal
Pathos
Logical prof or persuasive appeal based on the use of evidence or reasoning
Logos
Types of Persuasive Appeals:
Speakers perceived credibility
Ethos
Type of Persuasive Appeals:
Emotions
Pathos
Types of Persuasive Appeals:
Evidence and Reasoning
Logos
3 types of persuasive appeals (according to Aristotle)
Ethos
Logos
Pathos
Organizing your policy speech:
1. Problem-Solution
OR
2. ________: need, plan, practicality
Topical
Ethical proof or persuasive appeal based on speaker's perceived credibility
Ethos
You must address the three issues in your policy persuasive speech:
Need
Plan
Practicality
Component of Ethos:
How the audience regards the speaker's honesty, sincerity, and integrity
Good moral character (trustworthiness)
Component of Ethos:
How an audience regards a speaker's intelligence, expertise, knowledge, and reasoning
Good sense (competence)
Component of Ethos:
How an audience regards the speaker's identification with and warmth toward the audience
Goodwill
Component of Ethos:
How the audience regards a speaker's energy and enthusiasm
Dynamism
Claims:
An argument about the truth or falsity of an assertion.
What is/is not
Claim of Fact
Claims:
An argument about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth an idea or action
Argument about what is right/moral
Claim of Value
Claims:
An argument about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken
An argument about what should be done
Argument about specific action
Claim of Policy
With Persuasive specific purpose and thesis, be sure to identify:
1. ________ _______
2. Who will enact the _______ ______.
Specific Policy
Policy Change
Respectful words for different groups, cultures, and world views
Inclusive Language
Write in a 3x5 notecard if there is no ________.
Lectern
Outlining improves...... (COD)
Content
Organization
Delivery
Audience size
Temporal factors
Environment
Audience mobility
Audience disposition
Speaker
Topic
Occasion
These are examples of....
Situational Characteristics
Words or phrases that cause negative emotional reactions, intensify conflicts, foster prejudgement, and further discourage competent listening
Trigger Words
a widely held but fixed and oversimplified image or idea of a particular type of person or thing.
stereotype
Age
Sex and Gender
Sexual orientation and identity
Racial and ethnic identification
Socio-economic status
Group memberships
These are examples of...
Demographic Characteristics
Definition (dictionary, expert, etymological, functional)
Explanation
Demonstration
Description
Narration
These are all examples of...
Informative Strategies
A clearly signaled end
Summarized main points
Closed with memorable last line/clincher
These are all components of a...
Compelling conclusion
Grabbed attention of audience
Clearly stated thesis
Established WIIFM
Established credibility
Previewed main points
These are all components of a....
Compelling Introduction
Single sentence that explains the specific topic and goal of your speech
Specific Purpose Statement
To inform my audience...
Informative Specific Purpose
Honors a person (place)
Celebrates shared social values
Speech of Tribute
Spend time on organization
Organize at macro and micro level
These are tips when selecting your _____ ______.
Main points
When selecting your main points:
Main points should be __________.
Coordinated
When selecting your main points:
Subpoints should be ________.
Subordinate
Figurative language that refers to the juxtaposition of opposing or contrasting ideas. It involves the brining out of a contrast in the ideas by an obvious contrast in words, clauses, sentences, within a parallel grammatical structure
Antithesis
Figurative language where a speaker corrects or comments on something he or she has just said
Correction
Figurative language where the speaker speaks directly to someone who is not present or is dead, or speaks to an inanimate object
Apostrophe
Figurative language in which a speaker pretends to hide what he exactly wants to say and enforce. It is a type of irony which an outline of a message is conveyed in a manner that seems to suppress the exact message
Paralipsis
Types of plagiarism:
Taking a speech entirely form another source and passing them off as your own
Global Plagiarism
Types of plagiarism:
Taking ideas or language from two or three sources and passing them off as your own
Patchwork Plagiarism
Types of plagiarism:
Failing to give credit for particular parts of a speech that are borrowed from other people
Incremental Plagiarism
RefWorks and Purdue OWL are Polk Library Resources for _________ sources
Citing
Choose a large enough font
Headings should be larger
Choose a typeface that is easy to read [use sans]
These are rules for ________ with visual aids
Fonts
Animate your presentation so that content appears on your click
Don't go overboard
These are important tips for ___________ on visual aids
Animation
Animation effects can add interest, but they can also be __________.
Distracting
Provides broad knowledge in addition to specialization, develops intellectual and practical skills, prepares you to apply knowledge and skills in the real world, and helps you develop a sense of social responsibility
Liberal Education
Speech Genres of Ancient Greece: (FED)
Forensic
Epideictic
Deliberative
Ancient Greek speech genre:
Future action speech
Deliberative
Ancient Greek speech genre:
Past judgement speech
Forensic
Ancient Greek speech genre:
Present praise/blame
Speech of tribute
Honor a person (place)
Celebrate shared social values
Epideictic
Contemporary Speech Genres: (PIC)
Persuasive
Informative
Celebratory
Contemporary speech genre:
Future action speech
Persuasive
contemporary speech genre:
Past/Known speech
Informative
Contemporary speech genre:
Present praise speech
Celebratory
Submitting material that in part or whole is not entirely one's own work without attributing those same portions to their correct source.
Plagiarism
If it did not come from your own brain, ______ it!
Cite
Author/source/publication
Why is this a credible source
Date
Title, other relevant information
This is an example of a complete ________ ________.
Verbal citation
Choose from design templates or create your own background
Keep the slide template and colors consistent throughout the presentation
Use contrasting colors so your font stands out form the background
This are tips for _______ and _________ with visual aid
Color
Background
Why do we need a new policy?
Need
What is the current policy?
What is wrong with that policy?
Need
Support the need with details about the _______ _______, like population impacted, costs, etc.
Current problems
Adapt to your audience
Help the audience process statistics
Use variety
These are tips for using _________ __________.
Supporting Materials
Try to give listeners new knowledge
Adapt information to the audience
Use effective organization strategies
These are things all good ___________ _________ do.
Informative speeches
What is the new policy?
Plan
Explain the plan (the policy)
Support with details: who enacts, funding, implementation
Plan
Would it be workable and solve the problem?
Practicality
How will the plan address the need?
Address audience objections: do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? Address counter arguments
Practicality
Make a quick outline of key points
Make strong eye contact
Use signposts to help audience follow your speech
Adapt to audience and occasion
Establish presence before and after speech
Make a quick outline of key points
These are tips for ____________ speak
Impromptu
Avoid abusive language and ______ ________.
Name calling
Recognize that your language is __________.
Powerful
Try to use ________ language
Inclusive
Try to avoid using ________ words
Trigger
Include statements to highlight common ground
Consider obstacles to engaging the audience and try to address them
Adapt information to your specific audience with locally relevant information and supporting material
These are tips for preparing an _______
Audience centered
Use a conversational style of speaking
Practice without over-rehearsing your speech
Choose the exact wording of your ideas the moment that you say them
Respond to the inspiration of the moment without losing your way
Familiarize, don't memorize
These are
Extemporaneous delivery
You need in text cites for all outside material that clearly correspond to all __________.
References
You must __________ works cited.
Alphabetize
References must be _____ ______ with a hanging indent
Left aligned
Your audience will NOT hear ___________ you say
Everything
Audiences are ___________.
egocentric
The audience wants to hear about things that impact them ________.
Directly
The personal beliefs, values, and experiences of your __________ will be used to filter your message
Audience
Use supporting materials if you think your audience will have trouble ___________ your topic
Understanding
Use supporting materials if you think your audience will doubt your ________ to speak on this topic
Credibility
Use supporting materials if you think your aduciendo will have trouble _________ to your topic
Relating
Epideictic speech:
Adapt to the ______________ of the audience and occasion
Expectations
Epideictic speech:
Appeal to your audience's _________.
Emotions
Epideictic speech:
Celebrate ________ _______ with your audience
Shared values
Barriers to effective informative speaking:
Over or underestimating way the _________ knows
Audience
Barriers to effective informative speaking:
Lacking ________ in purpose, structure, and information
Clarity
Barriers to effective informative speaking:
Failure to ________ topic to the audience
Relate
Barriers to effective informative speaking:
Use of ___________
Abstractions
Barriers to effective informative speaking:
___________ presentation of information
Impersonal
When selecting your main points:
Use your _______ ________ and thesis statements
Specific purpose
When selecting your main points:
Choose important _______.
Ideas
When selecting your main points:
Write out each main point in a clear, simple ________.
Sentence
When selecting your main points:
Consider your __________ and presentation time.
Audience