The Azande "The people who possess much land"
Where are they Located?
Center of Africa on boundaries of the southwestern Sudan, the eastern edge of the Central African Republic, and the northeaster portion of the Congo.
The Azande
How do they make a living?
- "shifting cultivation" (no crop rotation) relying on maize and millet, gourds, and pumpkins, bananas, and beans.
-Cattle herding is impossible because of the Tse tse fly. -Chickens and dogs are only domesticated animals.
- Two seasons, rainy and dry.
The Azande
what is their kinship?
-Their courtyards are reflections of their inhabitants. Each woman has their own house and granary. (polygamous). -genealogical relationships between clansmen are seldom known and usually untraceable. If the father's soul is more powerful than the child w
The Azande
What is their religion/worldview?
Witchcraft?
Sorcery?
Oracles?
the benge?
-Mbori - a ghostly being who the creation of the world is attributed.
- The trickster tails: tales serve to assert and affirm social rules.
-Witchcraft: Witchcraft is an actual physical property residing inside some individuals, who may be unaware of thei
The Aztecs - call themselves Mexica
Place of origin?
-Migrated from Aztlan, in central Mexico, into the Valley of Mexico and settling in Tenochtitlan (island on lake Texcoco) "The place of the fruit of the prickly pear cactus".
The Aztecs
How did they make their living?
-Built on agriculture - Maize. Chinampas - floating gardens.
- Hunting was esteemed among the Mexicas for food, fur, skin, and to supply the empire's zoos.
-at Urban centers, craft manufacture was highly elaborated, painters, goldsmiths, silversmiths, fea
The Aztecs
What is their Kinship?
-Single most important principle in Mexica society.
- They reckoned descent bilaterally: Both mother's and father's brothers were called uncles.
-Primary purpose of marriage was to strengthen or forge powerful political ties.
-The nobility were polygynous
The Aztecs
Religion/worldview
-Life is precarious and it was the responsibility of humankind to attempt to control this uncertainty and assure their own continued existence.
-The continuation of life is not ensured unless the people actively promote its survival through human sacrific
The Basseri
who are they and their Place of Origin
-The Basseri are a pastoral nomadic society in southern Iran, whose migration takes them to the mountains and steppes to the east, north, and south. 300 miles by 50 miles.
The Basseri
How do they make their living?
-Most important is domesticated animals: Sheeps and goats. Donkeys used as pack mules and ridden by women and children. Men ride horses. Camels carry heaviest items.
-They do not herd cattle because their trek is long and difficult and too rocky.
-Each sh
The Basseri
Their kinship
- Households are based on nuclear families.
- Reckon descent patrilineally. Inheritance is from father to son. A son of a Basseri is a Basseri regardless of the affiliation of the mother.
-Bride price among the Basseri is called "milk price
Haiti
Place of Origin
Between Cuba and Dominican republic in caribbean sea.
(shares island with DOMREP)
Haiti
How they make a living.
Poorest country in Western Hemisphere. They garden and work hard.
Haiti
Religion
Roman Catholicism and Voudon
The Hmong
Place of Origin
Tribal people living in isolated mountain villages throughout China, Laos, Thailand, and Vietman. They originated in southern China. Historically referred to as Meo or Miao which means "primitive or "barbaraian".
The Hmong
Making a living
-Practice Slash and Burn Agriculture. Land within two hours' walk of village is planted.
-When land is no longer usable, villages move to a different mountain.
-Rice and Corn are most important food crops.
-Experts at cultivating opium in their mountain s
The Hmong
Kinship
-Focus directed on individual households because of the mobility necessary by slash and burn techniques and patrilineal clan organization.
-Children are members of their fathers clan.
-Exogamy is strictly practiced: Marriage is only allowed outside of a s
The Hmong
Religion/worldview
- 10 to 20 percent are Christian
- Vast Majority are Animists (complex beliefs revolving around the spirit world).
-The shaman is a crucial mediator between worlds
- Equilibrium: balance is the key to a fulfilling and valuable life.
-Animals can exchange
The Ju/'Hoansi (!Kung)
Origin
Hunters and Gatherers living in Southern Africa in Botswana and Namibia in the Dobe area in the Kalahari desert. A grouping of 10 watering holes
The Ju/'Hoansi (!Kung)
Making a Living
-Foraging: plant foods are plentiful and nutritious = majority of their diet.
-Women can distinguish more than 100 varieties of edible plants from those of a poisonous nature.
- Most important in diet is the Mongongo - a protein rich nut found in trees ne
The Ju/'Hoansi (!Kung)
Kinship
-Members share everything
-Two kinds of relationships, "joking" or playful relationships (comfort and affection) and "Avoidance" relationships based on "Fear" or respect
-Relationship between parents and children fall into Avoidance.
- Single name, no fir
The Ju/'Hoansi (!Kung)
Religion
-The gangwasi, ancestral ghosts, are responsible for most illnesses and misfortune that befall their living kin.
-It is death that turn people bad.
-Healers are the primary guardians of spirituality. Done in !kia dance form.
The Kaluli
Origin
Live in the tropical rainforest in the southern highlands province of Papua New Guinea on great papuan plateau at base of Mt. Bosavi (volcano).
The Kaluli
Making a living
Practice Swidden horticulture in extensive gardens.
-Food is Sago, a starch they extract from wild sago palms. They also eat fish, lizards, pigs.
-They trade with other groups and within their own community. They trade hornbill beaks, dogs teeth, and tree
The Kaluli
Kinship
Organized into exogamous, patrilineal clans that are scattered throughout longhouse communities. Share food in longhouses
-Siblings, actual and cousins, are most important ties in relationships.
-Preferred marriage: in which man and woman belong to differ
The Kaluli
Religion/worldview
-The unseen world is everything to do with sound. Sunrise is not sunrise, but bird song.
- In the unseen world every person has a "shadow" or "reflection". Shadows of men are wild pigs.
-Through mediums that Kaluli hae knowledge of the unseen world. Men w
The Minangkabau
Origin
Indonesia: Greater Sunda Islands, the largest is Sumatra. Worlds sixth largest island. The Minangkabau live in the center of west Sumatra.
The Minangkabau
Religion/worldview
Adat: "Customary law" and traditional islam
The Minangkabau
Kinship
They practice matrilineal descent.
men practiced merantau - voluntary outmigration.
- live in rumah gadang: traditional Minangkabau house where up to four generations of a matrilineal house can live.
The Minangkabau
Making a living
-Wet-rice cultivation and agriculture in dry fields has been the mainstay.
-Rice is used locally for subsistence and then sold in uplands
- they are still farmers living in nagari.
The Ojibwa
Origin
Native American group living in northern midwest in the united states and south central canada. Refer to themselves as Anishinaabe = "human being".
The Ojibwa
Kinship
-Patrilineally, exogamous totemic clans. Could find members of your own clan in any settlement. Marriages, small formal ceremony, arranged by parents or guardian. Cross cousin marriage not preferred. Monogamous marriages but polygyny was possible.
The Ojibwa
Religion and world view
- Dreaming, fasting, visions, and most importantly relationship with "the grandfathers" = the other-than-human beings
-primary contact with these individuals is achieved during dreaming. in which power is given and received.
- supernatural beings give hum
The Roma
Origin
- known as Gypsies
-"Citizens of the world and nowhere"
- Originated in Northeast India
The Roma
Kinship
-Vitsa members depend on one another in daily life and have ritual obligations to fulfill.
-alliances reinforced through marriage ties.
- sometimes marriage is arranged for a bride price.
- celebration can be a simple declaration of intent with tribal lea
The Roma
The Religion
- no evidence of a traditional Romani religion.
- People without a history
- Many are Muslim and christian. In Europe they are catholic, protestant, and Orthodox.
The Roma
Traditional Occupations
- organized in three categories: crafts, trading, and entertainment.
- Traditionally all members of a community share the same occupation.
-The Ursari are bear trainers, Aurari are goldsmiths.
craft production, horse trading, and musical performance.
- Ro
The Samoans
Origin
Western Polynesian people whose home is 2300 miles south of the Hawaiian Islands. The islands of Samoa.
The Samoans
kinship
Samoan villages are organized around the household and the extended family unit. The head of the household is a man called the matai.
-Households of bride and groom are equally involved in the planning and expense of the wedding.
-Newly weds do not establ
The Samoans
Economics
-the matai controls the land, he does not however have authority to sell the land or will it to his own children upon his death. They vote on its disposition, and work it cooperatively.
-irrigation is unnecessary because of the tropical climate. Coconut i
The Samoans
Religion
- The supernatural ones" Atua and Aitu
- The polynesian word tapu is the source of "taboo". Tapu encompasses taboo's sense of the forbidden (a set of supernaturally dictated prohibitions), and sanctity (sacred bond).
-They do not share their traditions wi
The Tiwi
Origin
Occupy Melville and Bathurst islands located off the north coast of Australia. Generally flat land. heavily forested islands.
The Tiwi
Making a living
The tiwi are hunters and gatherers. Their varied environment provides them with dietary abundance today as it did in the past. Supply of fish, game and vegetable foods is connected very firmly to what may be the most familiar characteristic of Tiwi Cultur
The Tiwi
Kinship
Polygyny among tiwi appears to be adaptive to these foragers like in horticultural societies.
- Belong to their mother's matrilineal descent group, which they call their "skin". They reckon their common descent from a group of unborn spirit beings living
The Tiwi
religious Beliefs
-Emphasize relations between people far more than those between people and supernatural.
- Three worlds in existence: the world of the unborn, living, and dead.
-Spirit children wait in their own world to be found by their father.
-Religion revolves aroun
The Trobriand Islanders YAM PEOPLE - sexuality in dance, cricket and yam ceremonies.
Origin
The Trobriand Islands are flat coral atolls off the coast of Easter New Guinea.
-Consists of four main islands. Island of Kiriwina is the most populous (25,000 people).
- Made up of 60 villages.
The Trobriand Islanders
Making a living
-Live in thatched huts.
-Kula ring. The exchange and trade of two types kula shells, white and red in a clockwise motion within the islands.
-Yams and pork are the most important foods. Pigs are only slaughtered on ritual occasions
-Fish provide major sou
The Trobriand Islanders
Religion
-Magic is employed in situations where trobrianders lack control: Fishing in lagoon, no. Fishing in harsh open sea, yes.
- Magic is a tool that can bring about success leading to power and authority.
-Traditional spells are common knowledge, but otheres a
The Yanomami
Origin
-Solely hunters and gatherers, no gardens. They were to isolated to be cultivators.
-Currently they live in the Amazon forest and rely both on foraging and horticulture. The remainder have settled on rivers where fishing has replaced hunting on the boarde
The Yanomami
Religion
- Believe in 4 layers with small amount of space between. Above The fourth is not known about and is empty. The The fourth is the sky onto which the underside stars are stuck. they believe the bottom of the sky looks much like the earth with plants and an
The Yanomami
Male and female
- Culture is decidedly masculine.
- girls perform childcare at a young age and are made aware they have much less social room then men.
-they are married at a young age and have no voice to preference in this regard. The men are much older. But girl does
The Yanomami
Making a living
Trading between villages is self-propelling: trade leads to more trade.