the subfield of anthropology that studies biological evolution of human beings and the contemporary physical variations among peoples of the world
biological anthropology
the study of human and nonhuman primate evolution through fossil remains
paleoanthropology
the study of nonhuman primates in their natural environments for the purpose of gaining insights into the human evolutionary process.
primatology
a subgroup of the human population whose members share a greater number of genes and physical traits with one another than they do with the members of other subgroups
race
study of inherited physical traits
genetics
the study of the interrelationships between population characteristics and environments.
population biology
study of the occurrence, distribution, and control of disease in populations.
epidemiology
the subfield of anthropology that focuses on the study of prehistoric and historic cultures through the excavation of material remains
archaeology
a type of material remain that has been made of modified by humans, such as tools or arrowheads
artifacts
archaeological remains that have been made of modified by people and cannot easily be carried away, such a house foundations, fireplaces, and postholes.
features
physical remains that were used by humans but not made or reworked by them (bones, seeds)
ecofacts
form of applied archaeology that involves identifying, evaluating, and sometimes excavating sites before roads, dams, and buildings are constructed.
cultural resource management
the scientific study of human communication within its sociocultural context
anthropological linguistics
the branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how language emerge and change over time.
historical linguistics
branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how languages are structures, specifically the grammar of languages.
descriptive linguistics
the branch of anthropological linguistics that studies the relationships between language and culture.
ethnolinguistics
the branch of anthropological linguistics that studies how language is used in different social contexts
sociolinguistics
the anthropological description of a particular contemporary culture by means of direct fieldwork
ethnography
the comparative study of cultural differences and similiarities
ethnology
the scientific study of cultural similarities and differences wherever and in whatever form they may be found
cultural anthropology
the study of disease in prehistoric populations
paleopathology
a perspective in anthropology that attempts to study a culture by looking at all parts of the system and how those parts are interrelated
holism
the practice of viewing the cultural features of other societies in terms of one's own
ethnocentrism
the idea that cultural traits are best understood when viewed within the cultural context of which they are a part
cultural relativism
a perspective in ethnography that uses the concepts and categories that are relevant and meaningful to the culture under analysis
emic approach
a perspective in ethnography that uses the concepts and categories of the anthropologist's culture to describe another culture
etic approach
Anthropology is derived from the Greek words:
Anthropos, logos
What does the Greek word Anthropos mean?
humans
Reconstructing human evolutions from fossil skeleton remains is an example of what kind of anthropology?
paleoanthropology
People who work on protecting cultural heritage sites (cultural resource management) are in what subcategory of anthropology?
Applied Archaeology
What are some examples of prime archaeological sources?
cultural landscapes, garbage dumps, records, old buildings, etc.
In the early 1900s, anthropologists focused their studies in:
non-western, preliterate, and technologically simple societies
What are the four divisions of anthropology?
biological anthropology, archaeology, anthropological linguistics, cultural anthropology
All four branches of anthropology engage in both:
theoretical and practical forms of research
What kind of research describes and compares cultural features among and between cultures?
theoretical
What kind of research is designed to solve specific societal problems?
practical
What kind of anthropology involves conducting research projects to facilitate change?
applied anthropology
What kind of anthropology uses existing anthropological data?
applying anthropology
NGO stands for
Non-government organizations
the three broad areas of investigation within biological anthropology are:
paleoanthropology, primatology, and human variation
What do paleoanthropologists use to answer questions?
comparative anatomy
Comparative anatomy can be used with which anatomical features?
teeth, hands, pelvis position
Most evolutionary records lie where?
underground
In the first half of the 20th century, biological anthropologists attempted to document human physical variation by:
dividing world populations into various racial categories
The amount of genetic variation within groups is _______ than between groups.
greater
How do garbologists learn about cultures?
based on what those cultures throw away
What are the four groups of linguistic anthropology?
historical, descriptive, ethnolinguistics, sociolinguistics
What is the primary objective of ethnology?
Uncover general culture principles (rules that govern human behavior.)
What are the five areas of ethnographic specialization?
urban, medical, development, ecological, psychological
GAD:
General Anthropology Division
What are the four central themes to the discipline of cultural anthropology?
holism, ethnocentrism, cultural relativism, emic/etic approach
Who is the father of modern anthropology?
Franz Boas