Anthropology Quiz 1

Anthropologists take a comprehensive approach to understanding human beings. They accomplish this task by:

using the four-field approach.

When anthropologists emphasize how culture, society, and a person's social position shape language, what kind of anthropology are they describing?

sociolinguistics

A particular ethnic group may attempt to assert its domination over a nation-state and to affirm its values, ambitions, and common destiny. What is this an expression of?

nationalism

Anthropological research reveals that most ethnic groups and nations are recent historical creations, our connection to people within these groups is relatively new, and our shared traditions are recently invented. In addition, most members will never mee

imagined communities

As immigrant arrivals to the United States peaked in the mid-1900s, newcomers dispersed into cities and towns, often attempting to "blend in." This was in order to embrace their new lives, but it was also a way of trying to stay safe from prejudice and ha

melting pot

Babylon, Mesopotamia, and the "cradle of civilization" are all terms of historical importance we implicitly link to the nation of Iraq. Although this creates the sense that Iraq is an ancient nation-state, Iraq:

has only existed since World War I.

China has attempted to assimilate the nation of Tibet as part of ethnic China. One way this is done is by the repopulation of many Tibetan towns with native-born Chinese Han people. Most observers agree that this is a case of ________.

ethnic cleansing

Swedish people share a common language, culture, and ideals; therefore, Sweden�the country they live in�illustrates which concept?

nation-state

Many immigrant groups�Arab, Czech, French, Irish, Italian, Greek, Jewish, and others�have contributed to what has been known as a "melting pot" in America. What term do anthropologists prefer today to better reflect the role of ethnicity in the United Sta

multiculturalism

The French have a strong sense of connection to their history and culture that binds them together. This is not the case in some countries like Iraq, where different groups have been pitted against each other in a battle for survival. In addition to histo

ethnicity

Global poverty has risen dramatically over the past twenty years, and is generally considered a sign of what by anthropologists?

uneven development

Anthropology looks at the complete diversity of human life across space and time. This kind of study requires a(n)

belief that other cultures are normal.

In late nineteenth-century debates on American immigration, many scholars and government officials privileged immigrants from northern Europe over those from southern Europe, such as Italians and Greeks, because the officials felt these southern people we

ethnocentrism.

Cultural anthropologists often spend a great deal of time in the communities where they conduct research and they ask lots of questions as people work, celebrate, dance, or play games. What is the term used for this process?

participant observation

The intensification of globalization is often attributed to what kinds of changes?

breakthroughs in transportation and communication technologies

The scientific discipline that looks at genetics, evolution, the fossil record, and our closest relatives in the animal kingdom in order to gain a greater understanding of humans is known as:

physical anthropology.

What do we call the belief that one's own culture or way of life is normal and natural and the practices of other people are abnormal and unnatural?

ethnocentrism

Which concept refers to anthropology's commitment to looking at the full scope of human diversity and experience, including the cultural, biological, historical, and linguistic?

holism

When companies move their production facilities around the world to take advantage of cheaper labor and lower taxes, what do anthropologists call this?

flexible accumulation

Anthropologists have uncovered evidence of vast trade networks throughout the entire continent of North America that long pre-date the arrival of Europeans. This exchange of material goods and cultural traits supports which of the following concepts?

diffusion

Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) described two aspects of power. One was material power. What characterized the other aspect described by Gramsci?

the ability to create consent and agreement

Culture as a system includes knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and:

institutions.

What type of anthropologists explore any and all aspects of living human culture�from war and violence to love, sexuality, and child rearing�and look at the meanings that people from all over the world place on these things?

cultural anthropologists

Ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people are considered ________.

norms

Sitting in your anthropology class helps you learn about culture through formal instruction. What informal learning process helps you learn culture from family, friends, and the media?

enculturation

Which of the following is defined as the ability to create consent and agreement within a population, sometimes unconsciously, by shaping what people think is normal, natural, and possible?

hegemony

What do anthropologists call the uneven distribution of resources and privileges, often along lines of gender, racial or ethnic group, class, age, family, religion, sexuality, or legal status?

stratification

An anthropologist conducts ethnographic research on the lives of undocumented immigrant families. How might the anthropologist justify publishing intimate and potentially incriminating details about the subjects?

The researcher obtained informed consent and ensured the anonymity of the subjects.

Attempts to document Native American cultures that were devastated by the westward expansion of settlers is called salvage ethnography. This method involves:

rapid gathering of available material and key interviews.

How does the problem of organ trafficking from the poor in Brazil, as documented by Scheper-Hughes's work, mirror the plight of poor people in different countries where she has not worked?

The poor are a vulnerable population and are often exploited.

Sydney Mintz conducted research on sugar production in Puerto Rico in the 1970s and 1980s, examining the way local communities were affected by capitalism. What other problems did his work help to illustrate?

the consequences of globalization on communities

The roots of cultural anthropology and ethnographic fieldwork lie in:

late nineteenth-century globalization.

What term describes ethnographers' awareness that they should engage in critical self-examination regarding the role they play in the research process?

reflexivity

According to the textbook, what is happening to human languages worldwide?

Languages are being lost at the rate of one every ten days.

American women are far more likely than men to distinguish between colors like teal and turquoise, or magenta and purple. What is this an example of?

the gendered focal vocabulary that exists within American culture

Anthropologists have shown that chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates are able to communicate about things not immediately present and events in the past or future. What aspect of human language does this describe?

displacement

Deborah Tannen's research into the ways that boys and girls speak suggests that:

they are using a form of cross-cultural communication.

What does Noam Chomsky's research propose about language?

All humans share a similar ability to learn language based on the way that our brains are hardwired.

Recently, anthropological research has begun to look at the upper segments of society, such as financial institutions, aid and development agencies, medical laboratories, and doctors. What is this process called?

Studying up

There is a huge inflow of refugees from the wars in the Middle East to parts of Europe and Scandinavia. What kind of anthropologist would probably offer the most useful input to the politicians making decisions about resettlement programs?

cultural anthropologist

Cultures are influenced by many different factors, including a constant flow of ideas, goods, and people. What is one of the major ways that people influence culture?

through migration

What did anthropologist Eric Wolf believe to be inherent in all relationships?

power dynamics

Human beings have long been migrant, moving themselves, their material goods, and even ideas from one part of the world to another. What makes this process, which is now called globalization, seem so different today than in the past?

intensification

Stone tools enabled our ancestors to butcher meat more quickly and efficiently, thereby providing higher quantities of protein for the developing brain and influencing the direction of our physical adaptation. This demonstrates the intimate connection bet

nature and nurture

Anthropologists are able to collect information, select which people to highlight, and choose which facts to publish in their results. What key aspect of writing ethnography does this clearly illustrate?

the reality that all anthropological inquiry is a form of interpretation

You are conducting research among a group of migrant farmworkers in southern Florida, and you realize that some of them are undocumented. You know that you are able to protect their identities, even if you publish your findings widely, because of your com

anonymity

Gender differences in communication often give rise to stereotypes. A common stereotype in the United States suggests that women never seem to stop talking. What research finding about men seems to contradict this stereotype?

Men adopt linguistic strategies that help them maintain conversational dominance.

Language can be a form of cultural capital that is used to reinforce power dynamics that are established by a culture's institutions. What is the kind of language used to establish this "norm" against which all speakers are judged called?

prestige language

We communicate with verbal language, but sometimes words cannot convey everything. Sometimes we may unknowingly resort to a system of body movements as well as a collection of noises and tone of voice in order to fully convey what?

emotions

In 2009, newly elected president Barack Obama visited a famous eatery in Washington, DC, and, after paying his tab, was asked by the cashier if he wanted his change. The president's reply was, "Nah, we straight." Which of the following was the president d

code switching

Anthropologists take a comprehensive approach to understanding human beings. They accomplish this task by:

using the four-field approach.

When anthropologists emphasize how culture, society, and a person's social position shape language, what kind of anthropology are they describing?

sociolinguistics

A particular ethnic group may attempt to assert its domination over a nation-state and to affirm its values, ambitions, and common destiny. What is this an expression of?

nationalism

Anthropological research reveals that most ethnic groups and nations are recent historical creations, our connection to people within these groups is relatively new, and our shared traditions are recently invented. In addition, most members will never mee

imagined communities

As immigrant arrivals to the United States peaked in the mid-1900s, newcomers dispersed into cities and towns, often attempting to "blend in." This was in order to embrace their new lives, but it was also a way of trying to stay safe from prejudice and ha

melting pot

Babylon, Mesopotamia, and the "cradle of civilization" are all terms of historical importance we implicitly link to the nation of Iraq. Although this creates the sense that Iraq is an ancient nation-state, Iraq:

has only existed since World War I.

China has attempted to assimilate the nation of Tibet as part of ethnic China. One way this is done is by the repopulation of many Tibetan towns with native-born Chinese Han people. Most observers agree that this is a case of ________.

ethnic cleansing

Swedish people share a common language, culture, and ideals; therefore, Sweden�the country they live in�illustrates which concept?

nation-state

Many immigrant groups�Arab, Czech, French, Irish, Italian, Greek, Jewish, and others�have contributed to what has been known as a "melting pot" in America. What term do anthropologists prefer today to better reflect the role of ethnicity in the United Sta

multiculturalism

The French have a strong sense of connection to their history and culture that binds them together. This is not the case in some countries like Iraq, where different groups have been pitted against each other in a battle for survival. In addition to histo

ethnicity

Global poverty has risen dramatically over the past twenty years, and is generally considered a sign of what by anthropologists?

uneven development

Anthropology looks at the complete diversity of human life across space and time. This kind of study requires a(n)

belief that other cultures are normal.

In late nineteenth-century debates on American immigration, many scholars and government officials privileged immigrants from northern Europe over those from southern Europe, such as Italians and Greeks, because the officials felt these southern people we

ethnocentrism.

Cultural anthropologists often spend a great deal of time in the communities where they conduct research and they ask lots of questions as people work, celebrate, dance, or play games. What is the term used for this process?

participant observation

The intensification of globalization is often attributed to what kinds of changes?

breakthroughs in transportation and communication technologies

The scientific discipline that looks at genetics, evolution, the fossil record, and our closest relatives in the animal kingdom in order to gain a greater understanding of humans is known as:

physical anthropology.

What do we call the belief that one's own culture or way of life is normal and natural and the practices of other people are abnormal and unnatural?

ethnocentrism

Which concept refers to anthropology's commitment to looking at the full scope of human diversity and experience, including the cultural, biological, historical, and linguistic?

holism

When companies move their production facilities around the world to take advantage of cheaper labor and lower taxes, what do anthropologists call this?

flexible accumulation

Anthropologists have uncovered evidence of vast trade networks throughout the entire continent of North America that long pre-date the arrival of Europeans. This exchange of material goods and cultural traits supports which of the following concepts?

diffusion

Antonio Gramsci (1891-1937) described two aspects of power. One was material power. What characterized the other aspect described by Gramsci?

the ability to create consent and agreement

Culture as a system includes knowledge, beliefs, patterns of behavior, artifacts, and:

institutions.

What type of anthropologists explore any and all aspects of living human culture�from war and violence to love, sexuality, and child rearing�and look at the meanings that people from all over the world place on these things?

cultural anthropologists

Ideas or rules about how people should behave in particular situations or toward certain other people are considered ________.

norms

Sitting in your anthropology class helps you learn about culture through formal instruction. What informal learning process helps you learn culture from family, friends, and the media?

enculturation

Which of the following is defined as the ability to create consent and agreement within a population, sometimes unconsciously, by shaping what people think is normal, natural, and possible?

hegemony

What do anthropologists call the uneven distribution of resources and privileges, often along lines of gender, racial or ethnic group, class, age, family, religion, sexuality, or legal status?

stratification

An anthropologist conducts ethnographic research on the lives of undocumented immigrant families. How might the anthropologist justify publishing intimate and potentially incriminating details about the subjects?

The researcher obtained informed consent and ensured the anonymity of the subjects.

Attempts to document Native American cultures that were devastated by the westward expansion of settlers is called salvage ethnography. This method involves:

rapid gathering of available material and key interviews.

How does the problem of organ trafficking from the poor in Brazil, as documented by Scheper-Hughes's work, mirror the plight of poor people in different countries where she has not worked?

The poor are a vulnerable population and are often exploited.

Sydney Mintz conducted research on sugar production in Puerto Rico in the 1970s and 1980s, examining the way local communities were affected by capitalism. What other problems did his work help to illustrate?

the consequences of globalization on communities

The roots of cultural anthropology and ethnographic fieldwork lie in:

late nineteenth-century globalization.

What term describes ethnographers' awareness that they should engage in critical self-examination regarding the role they play in the research process?

reflexivity

According to the textbook, what is happening to human languages worldwide?

Languages are being lost at the rate of one every ten days.

American women are far more likely than men to distinguish between colors like teal and turquoise, or magenta and purple. What is this an example of?

the gendered focal vocabulary that exists within American culture

Anthropologists have shown that chimpanzees and other nonhuman primates are able to communicate about things not immediately present and events in the past or future. What aspect of human language does this describe?

displacement

Deborah Tannen's research into the ways that boys and girls speak suggests that:

they are using a form of cross-cultural communication.

What does Noam Chomsky's research propose about language?

All humans share a similar ability to learn language based on the way that our brains are hardwired.

Recently, anthropological research has begun to look at the upper segments of society, such as financial institutions, aid and development agencies, medical laboratories, and doctors. What is this process called?

Studying up

There is a huge inflow of refugees from the wars in the Middle East to parts of Europe and Scandinavia. What kind of anthropologist would probably offer the most useful input to the politicians making decisions about resettlement programs?

cultural anthropologist

Cultures are influenced by many different factors, including a constant flow of ideas, goods, and people. What is one of the major ways that people influence culture?

through migration

What did anthropologist Eric Wolf believe to be inherent in all relationships?

power dynamics

Human beings have long been migrant, moving themselves, their material goods, and even ideas from one part of the world to another. What makes this process, which is now called globalization, seem so different today than in the past?

intensification

Stone tools enabled our ancestors to butcher meat more quickly and efficiently, thereby providing higher quantities of protein for the developing brain and influencing the direction of our physical adaptation. This demonstrates the intimate connection bet

nature and nurture

Anthropologists are able to collect information, select which people to highlight, and choose which facts to publish in their results. What key aspect of writing ethnography does this clearly illustrate?

the reality that all anthropological inquiry is a form of interpretation

You are conducting research among a group of migrant farmworkers in southern Florida, and you realize that some of them are undocumented. You know that you are able to protect their identities, even if you publish your findings widely, because of your com

anonymity

Gender differences in communication often give rise to stereotypes. A common stereotype in the United States suggests that women never seem to stop talking. What research finding about men seems to contradict this stereotype?

Men adopt linguistic strategies that help them maintain conversational dominance.

Language can be a form of cultural capital that is used to reinforce power dynamics that are established by a culture's institutions. What is the kind of language used to establish this "norm" against which all speakers are judged called?

prestige language

We communicate with verbal language, but sometimes words cannot convey everything. Sometimes we may unknowingly resort to a system of body movements as well as a collection of noises and tone of voice in order to fully convey what?

emotions

In 2009, newly elected president Barack Obama visited a famous eatery in Washington, DC, and, after paying his tab, was asked by the cashier if he wanted his change. The president's reply was, "Nah, we straight." Which of the following was the president d

code switching