anthropology
the study of the human species and its immediate ancestors
holistic
encompassing past, present, and future; biology, society, language, and culture
culture
traditions and customs transmitted through learning
food production
an economy based on plant cultivation and / or animal domestication
general anthropology
anthropology as a whole: cultural, archaeological, biological, and linguistic anthropology
biocultural
combining biological and cultural approaches to a given problem
ethnography
fieldwork in a particular cultural setting
cultural anthropology
the comparative, cross-cultural study of human society and culture
ethnology
the study of sociocultural differences and similarities
archaeological anthropology
the study of human behavior through material remains
biological anthropology
the study of human biological variation in time and space
physical anthropology
same as biological anthropology
science
field of study that seeks reliable explanations, with reference to the material and physical world
linguistic anthropology
the study of language and linguistic diversity in time, space, and society
sociolinguistics
the study of language in society
applied anthropology
using anthropology to solve contemporary problems
cultural resource management
deciding what needs saving when entire archaeological sites cannot be saved
theory
a set of ideas formulated to explain something
association
an observed relationship between two or more variables
hypothesis
a suggested but as yet unverified explanation
enculturation
the process by which culture is learned and transmitted across the generations
symbol
something, verbal or nonverbal, that stands for something else
core values
key, basic, or central values that integrate a culture
hominid
member of hominid family; any fossil or living human, chimp or gorilla
hominins
hominids excluding the african apes; all the human species that ever have existed
universal
something that exists in every culture
generality
culture pattern or trait that exists in some but not all societies
particularity
distinctive or unique culture trait, pattern, or integration
national culture
cultural features shared by citizens of the same nation
international culture
cultural traditions that extend beyond national boundaries
subcultures
different cultural traditions associated with subgroups in the same nation
ethnocentrism
judging other cultures using one's own cultural standards
cultural rights
rights vested in religious and ethnic minorities and indigenous societies
cultural relativism
idea that behavior should be evaluated not by outside standards but in the context of the culture in which it occurs
IPR
intellectual property rights; an indigenous group's collective knowledge and its applications
acculturation
an exchange of cultural features between groups in firsthand contact
diffusion
borrowing of cultural traits between societies
independent invention
the independent development of a cultural feature in different societies
globalization
the accelerating interdependence of nations in the world system today
human rights
rights based on justice and morality beyond and superior to particular countries, cultures, and religions
interview schedule
form (guide) used to structure a formal, but personal, interview
questionnaire
form used by sociologists to obtain comparable information from respondents
genealogical method
using diagrams and symbols to record kin connections
key cultural consultant
expert on a particular aspect of local life
life history
of a key consultant; a personal portrait of someone's life in culture
emic
research strategy focusing on local explanations and meanings
cultural consultants
people who teach an ethnographer about their culture
etic
research strategy emphasizing the ethnographer's explanations and categories
longitudinal research
long-term study, usually based on repeated visits
survey research
the study of society through sampling, statistical analysis, and impersonal data collection
sample
a smaller study group chosen to represent a larger population
random sample
a sample in which all population members have an equal chance of inclusion
variables
attributes that differ from one person or case to the next
complex societies
large, populous societies (e.g, nations) with stratification and a government
informed consent
agreement to take part in research- after having been informed about its nature, procedures, and possible impacts
unilinear evolutionism
idea (19th century) of a single line or path of cultural development
historical particularism
idea (Boas) that histories are not comparable; diverse paths can lead to the same cultural result
functionalism
approach focusing on the role (function) of sociocultural practices in social systems
synchronic
(studying societies) at one time
diachronic
(studying societies) across time
configurationalism
view of culture as integrated and patterned
cultural materialism
Idea (Harris) that cultural infrastructure determines structure & superstructure
superorganic
(Kroeber) The special domain of culture, beyond the organic and inorganic realms
symbolic anthropology
the study of symbols in their social and cultural context
interpretive anthropology
(Geertz) the study of culture as a system of meaning
agency
the actions of individuals, alone and in groups, that create and transform culture
political economy
the web of interrelated economic and power relations in society
Which of the following most characterizes anthropology among disciplines that study humans?
a: it studies foreign places
b: it includes biology
c: it uses personal interviews of the study of population
d: it is holistic and comparative
e: it studies only
D
What is the most critical element of cultural traditions?
a: their stability due to the unchanging characteristics of human biology
b: their tendency to radically change every fifteen years
c: their ability to survive the challenges of modern life
d: thei
D
Over time, how has human reliance on cultural means of adaptation changed?
a: humans have become less dependent on them
b: humans have become entirely reliant on biological means
c: humans have become more dependent on them
d: humans are just beginning to
C
The fact that anthropology focuses on both culture and biology:
a: is unique to European anthropology
b: is the reason it traditionally has studied nonindustrial societies
c: is a product of the participant observation approach
d: allows it to address how
D
In this chapter, what is the point of describing the ways in which humans cope with low oxygen pressure in high altitudes?
a: to illustrate human capacities of cultural and biological adaptation, variation, and change
b: to expose the fact that "it is all
A
Four-field anthropology:
a: was largely shaped by early American anthropologists' interests in Native Americans
b: is unique to Old World anthropology
c: stopped being useful when the world became dominated by nation-states
d: was replaced in the 1930s by
A
the study of nonhuman primates is of special interest to which subdiscipline of anthropology?
a: cultural anthropology
b: archaeological anthropology
c: linguistic anthropology
d: developmental anthropology
e: biological anthropology
E
Which of the following statements about applied anthropology is false?
a: it encompasses any use of the knowledge and/or techniques of the four subfields to identify, assess, and solve practical social problems
b: it has been formally acknowledged by the
C
Which of the following terms is defined as a suggested but yet unidentified explanation for observed things and events?
a: hypothesis
b: theory
c: association
d: model
e: law
A
The scientific method:
a: is limited to ethnology since it is the aspect of anthropology that studies sociocultural differences and similarities
b: is a powerful tool for understanding ourselves since it guarantees complete objectivity in research
c: is t
D
Anthropology is unique among the social sciences in its emphasis on both ____ and ____ perspectives
holistic; cross-cultural
A _____ approach refers to the inclusion and combination of both biological and cultural perspectives and approaches to comment on or solve a particular issue or problem
biocultural
_____ provides an account of fieldwork in a particular community, society, or culture
ethnography
______ encompasses any use of the knowledge and/ or techniques of the four subfields of anthropology to identify, assess, and solve practical problems. More and more anthropologists increasingly work in this dimension of the discipline.
applied anthropology
The ____ characterizes any anthropological endeavor that formulates research questions and gathers or uses systematic data to test hypotheses.
scientific method
Which of the following is not one of the ways in which individuals acquire the culture?
a: genetic transmission
b: unconscious acquisition
c: observation
d: direct instruction
e: conscious acquisition
A
The "psychic unity" of humans, a doctrine that most anthropologists accept, states that
a: psychology is the exclusive domain of the academic discipline of psychology
b: all humans share the same spiritual ethos
c: although individuals differ in their emo
C
Which of the following statements about cultural traits, patterns, and inventions is false?
a: they mostly are determined genetically
b: they can be disadvantageous in the long run
c: they can be disadvantageous in the short run
d: they can be maladaptive
A
this chapter's description of the similarities and differences between humans and apes, our closest relatives,...
a: explains why all hominids have evolved the same capacities for culture
b: emphasizes the need to expand the definition of cultural rights
E
Certain biological, psychological, social, and cultural features are universal, found in every culture. All of the following are examples of universal features except...
a: a long period of infant dependency
b: seasonal (rather than year-round) sexuality
B
which of the following statements about culture is not true?
a: all human groups have culture
b: culture is the major reason for human adaptability
c: human groups differ in their capacities for culture
d: the capacity for culture is shared by all humans
C
in explaining how anthropologists have theorized the relationship between "system" and "person," this chapter notes that culture is contested. This means that...
a: different groups in a society struggle with one another over whose ideas, values, goods, a
A
In anthropology, methodical cultural relativism
a: is not a moral position, but a methodological one
b: is both a moral and a methodological stance toward other cultures
c: is synonymous with moral relativism
d: is another version of ethnocentrism
e: is a
A
There were at least 7 different regions where plant cultivation developed. Therefore, agriculture is an example of which of the following mechanisms of cultural change?
a: acculturation
b: enculturation
c: independent invention
d: colonization
e: diffusio
C
What is the term for the processes that are making nations and people increasingly interlinked and mutually dependent?
a: acculturation
b: independent invention
c: diffusion
d: globalization
e: enculturation
D
Although humans continue to adapt ____, reliance on _____ means of adaptation has increased human evolution
biologically; cultural
Cultural traits, patterns, and inventions also can be ______, threatening the group's continued existence (survival and reproduction)
maldaptive
According to Leslie White, culture, and therefore humanity, came into existence when humans began to use ______
symbols
The term ________ refers to any fossil or living human, chimp, or gorilla, while the term ____ refers only to any fossil or living human
hominid; hominin
unlike human rights, _______ are vested not in individuals but in groups, including indigenous peoples and religious and ethnic minorities
cultural rights
Which of the following statements about ethnography is not true?
a: it may involve participant observation and survey research
b: Bronisla Malinowski was one of its earliest influential practitioners
c: it was traditionally practiced in non-Western and sm
D
In the field, ethnographers strive to establish rapport,
a: and if that fails, the next option is to pay people so they will talk about their culture
b: which is a timeline that states when every member of the community will be interviewed
c: which is a r
E
Which influential anthropologist referred to everyday cultural patterns as "the imponderabilia of native life and typical behavior?"
a: Franz Boas
b: Marvin Harris
c: Clifford Geertz
d: Bronislaw Malinowski
e: Margret Mead
D
Which of the following techniques was developed specifically because of the importance of kinship and marriage relationships in nonindustrial societies?
a: the life history
b: participant observation
c: the interview schedule
d: network analysis
e: the ge
E
which of the following is a significant change in the history of ethnography?
a: larger number of ethnographies are being done about people in Western, industrialized nations
b:ethnographers now use only quantitative techniques
c: Ethnographers have begun
A
All of the following are true about ethnography except this statement:
a: it traditionally studies entire communities
b: it usually focuses on a small number of variables within a sample population
c: it is based on firsthand fieldwork
d: it is more perso
B
Which of the following is one of the advantages an interview schedule has over a questionnaire based survey?
a: interview schedules rely on very short responses, and therefore are more useful when you have less time
b: questionnaires are completely unstru
C
Reflecting todays world in which people, images, and information move as never before, ethnography is...
a: becoming increasingly difficult for anthropologists concerned with salvaging isolated and untouched cultures around the world
b: becoming less usef
E
All of the following are true about anthropology's four field approach except this statement:
a: Boas is the father of four field American anthropology
b: it initially formed around interests in Native Americans- their cultures, histories, languages, and
D
in anthropology, the crisis in representation refers to...
a: the study of symbols in their social and cultural context
b: questions about the role of the ethnographer and the nature of ethnographic authority
c: Durkheim's critique of symbolic anthropolog
B
A _____ is an expert who teaches an ethnographer about a particular aspect of local life
key cultural consultant
As one of the ethnographer's characteristic field research methods, the ____ method is a technique that focuses on kin connections
genealogical
A _____ approach studies societies as they exist at one point in time, while a ______ approach studies societies across time
synchronic; diachronic
At the beginning of the 20th century, the influential French sociologist ____ proposed a new social science that would be based on the study of _____, analytically distinct from the individuals from whose behavior those facts were inferred
Emile Durkheim; social facts
______, a theoretical approach that aims to discover relations, themes, and connections among aspects of culture, has been faulted for being overly formal and for ignoring social process. Contemporary anthropologists now emphasize how day to day action, p
Structuralism; agency