Gender identity and sex identity
Gender dichotomy
Roberta Close
Brazil, very masculine. Men who get hormone treatment since 1980's. Roberta was born a man. He is now known as one of the most beautiful "woman" in Brazil. The culture has a strong public-domestic dichotomy.
Gender identity and sex identity
Gender dichotomy
Geisha
Ritual reversal. In America - Powderpuff football. Kyoto (Japan's ancient capital). Kyoto is the capital of Geisha. Geisha are Japanese female entertainers. Originally, Geisha were men dressed as women (the Japanese did not think women were able to entert
Gender identity and sex identity
Gender dichotomy
Geisha symbolism
Gender and Nationalism. The purpose of a Geisha is to serve men and entertain them in anyway.
Geisha represent the ideal women.
'Split-Peach' hairstyle is worn by geisha before they were deflowered.
Third Genders
Third genders are typically males
Hijra (India)
Neither man nor female. The third gender for India. Born as a man.
Berdache "Two-Spirit" (Plains Indians)
Plains Indians who were third gender, always born male. Cross dressing men dressed in women's clothing. Not conceptualized as being men or women but sexually they were men. Similar to Hijra.
Gender Markers
Are often ethnic markers, particularly women's dress/body adornment.
Padaung Brass rings (Burma)
The brass rings that the Burma women wear around their necks. They do this to lengthen their necks so they look like a dragon.
Hijab
Holy veil of Islamic societies of Africa, Middle East. Functions for women and men. Mostly worn by women who have experienced puberty for the use of privacy and morality.
Gendered Rites of Passage
Kanaalda (Din�)
Navajo puberty ceremony. Celebrating girls who are becoming women. Four day Girls' Sing. Main activities, relationship to matrilineal kinship. Medicine man sings songs.
Australian Aboriginal
Kurdiji
Male initiation includes teaching of masculine religious roles
The boys, usually aged between around 12 to 16 years, are taken from their mothers and painted all over with red ochre; a belt, made of woven strands of human hair is tied around their waists
Masai Pastoralists (Kenya)
Genital infibulation/mutilation, substitution of girls' classes ritual reversal and gender identity reinforcement.
It started when men hunted for months at a time. When the men came back from their hunts, some of the women were pregnant. As a result, one
Gender and Religion
Latin American home altar (Retablo)
Women's spiritual "nature" role in family
Retablo is a devotional painting. A farmer might pray in front of it if they wish for rain.
Gender and Language
Differences between male and female U.S. speakers
Frequency of tag questions, styles of cadence, use of intensifier adjectives (very), frequency of overlap and interruption (males interrupt more), formality vs informality in pronunciation details (men say runnin' vs women say running), symbolic associati
Concept of "Mystical Power
Problem with conceptualization of "supernatural" in identifying "religion" in the field. Origins of religion-Upper Paleolithic period (35,000 years before present day).
Neanderthals and burying dead
They buried their dead with simple grave offerings (45,000 years before present); anatomically modern humans buried with gendered tools and decorative grave offerings after 35,000 years ago.
Rise of artistic production, music, tool diversity
The concept of mystical power and the practice of burying the dead lead to the rise of artistic production, music, and tool diversity.
Shaman
oldest-known type of religious specialist. Collaborates with spirit-beings to heal or to perform sorcery.
Spirit possession
Taraka's ghost.
Revitalization movements (New Religious Movements-NRM's-
Their general purpose in cultures, how their study can inform us about a group's adaptational challenges
Three stages of development: Steady state, cognitive distortion, revitalization.
Role of the "prophet" in the revitalization process***
Examples: Ghost Dance Religion (prophet-Wovoka), Latter Day Saints ("Mormon", prophet-Joseph Smith Jr.), Raelians, Caod
Pilgrimage
Shrine-
locale where mystical power is concentrated.
concentration of religious symbols and the central message of shrine's founding
trials of journeying to a shrine make the pilgrim more susceptible to shrine's symbols
Example: Virgin of Guadalupe - based on sac
Freed and Freed article (C& C 28)
Physiological relationship of psychoemotional stress to trance behavior.
Function of spirit possession in Sita's case.
Cultural source of her stress - She is a women trying to do men's work. She loves sewing so when the man said it was men's work, it stru
Tannen article (C & C 8)
American men's and women's speech rituals are used differently to present the self in social interactions: cocus on men's avoidance of "one-down" vs women's appearance of being diplomatic (emphasizing equality)
Example: asking for directions. Men don't li
Bourgois article (C & C 14)
Gender-realted factors that influenced second-generation Puerto Rican, working-class men in their turn to the illegal drug trade instead of newer "office" jobs
The decline of manufacturing jobs has caused uneducated Puerto Rican men and women in New York
Dubisch article (C & C 30)
Why did Maya Lin end up designing "The Wall" in the form she did? - The wall is black granite, polished so that it will reflect. You look into the underground, where the dead are buried, and you see, behind their names, the ghost of your face.
Principal p
Bastein: Mountain of the Condor
Waka (huaca)
Pre-columbian term for Andean earth shrines
Ayni
Means proper relationship. Helping someone if they help you.
Tinku
Mock battle between two groups
Apu
God, king, supreme being
Ayllu
Distinguishable groups whose solidarity is formed by religious and territorial ties, by permanent claim to land and lineage by affinal ties and by work. Quollahuayas understand ayllu as the vertical triangular land masses divided into high, center, and lo
Verticality
Ninokorin - "lower son" bottom of mountain. Corn is grown here. Llama and sheep.
Kaata - middle part of mountain. Divine shamans live here. Potatoes and wheat.
Apacheta - head or top of mountain. This is where the bunchgrass grows. The spirits live and as
Coca
The raw material for cocaine.
Chica
Beer made from fermented maize
Aymara
The people of the mountain
Quechuan (inca)
The popular language
Pachamama
Mother Earth; earth in general
Metaphor of the mountain
Treat the mountain like a human through balanced reciprocity. Feed it and give it energy and it will help you in return.
How does Andean peoples' anatomical metaphorization (cognitive "map") of mountains relate to their ideal of maintaining "wholeness" through ritual (Ex: New Earth Ritual)?
The New Earth Ritual: The Apachetans, Kaatans, and Ninokorins come together during New Earth to recreate the mountain's body. the lower and upper communities send leaders to Kaata for this rite, each brining his zone's characteristic product, a llama and
Emic reasons for "feeding" apus and mummies
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How does marriage custom reflect Andean verticality?
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