Science is an ____ not a ____
Process, result
Which of the following is an element of the scientific method?
Experimentation, observation, hypothesis : all of these
To say that a hypothesis is falsifiable is to say that it is ____
testable
Aristotle believed in the "immunity of species" This means he felt that species
are fixed
_____ is the science of classyfying and naming living things
taxonomy
Darwins ideas fell into place while contemplaing
finches from the galagos islands
Upon its first publication, Darwins on the orgins of species
Quickly sold out
Which of the following is NOT an observation associated with natural selection?
creatures can will their own transformations
When discussing natural selection, the term "fitness" is best thought as ____
reproductive success
Proteins are comprised of long chains of ____
amino acids
Human biological veribility arises from ____
Mostly genetic influences, mostly cultural or environmental influences: both of theses
A cells nucleus ____
separates the genetic material from the rest of the cell
As the product of translation, proteins are synthesized in a cell's
ribosomes
The basic unit of DNA is molecule called a _______
nucleotide
DNA base combinations are always ____
A-T or C-G
The genetic code is comprised of _____ each representing ____ .
Codons, amino acids
The sex cells possess half the chromosomes of the somatic cells. This is refereed as to ______ number of chromosomes
haploid
Which of the following best defines the term allele
a version of a gene at a particular locus
An individual who is homozygous for a gene has _____
two of the same alleles for that gene
RNA is the single-stranded molecule essential for carrying out the _____function of DNA
protein synthesis
Monosomy and trisomy are examples of _____
noninjusctive or distribution of erros
A geneticst constructing a tree-like diagrams that virtually indicate relationshp between species is engaged in _____
phylogenics
Studying genetics via phenotype is inferior because ____
Environment plays a strong role in governing phenotype ; phenotype can be misleading > both A and B
Which of the following best defines the term genotype?
the actual alleles an organism carries
A recessive allele
needs to be present on both chromosomes to be expressed
An allele that needs to be present on only one chromosomal locus to be expressed as a _____ allele.
dominant
If the allele for type O blood is recessive and the allele for type A blood is dominant, a persons with a A and O alleles would have type ____ blood.
A
Mendel found that when an individual has two different factors for a characteristics, ________
the factor that is expressed is dominant
Which of the following best describes Mendels Law of Segregation
chromosomes randomly segregate into sex cells during meiosis
Mendels law of independent Assortment indicates that ______
segregating pairs of unit factors assort independently
Mutations during meiosis are especially important because they _____
are inherited
An autosomal recessive disease occurs when an individual is
homozygous for a recessive, disease-causing allele
Which of the following is the perfect methaphor for genes and how they behave
none of these
Because sickle cell anemia is a recessive disease there is a ____ % chance that the child of two carries (heterozygous) will have the disease
25
Trimucleotide repeat diseased are caused by _____
insertion or deletion mutations
An autosomal dominant disease occurs when an individual is ____
heterozygous for a dominant , disease causing-allele
hunington's disease can be debilitating or fatal but continues to show up in the population because it ____
has a later in life onset and therefore has a little effect on reproductive fitness
The vast majority of mutations are probably ____
neutral
Mutations often have a little phentypic effect because ____
they may occur in non-coding regions, the genetic code has redundancies to account for erros; A and B
Polygenic traits _____
appear as a continum in a population
Pleiotropy is best defined as____
one gene having multiple phenotypic effects
Natural selection requires the presence of variation and ____
differential survival and reproduction
An individual with phenotypic blood type B (genotype BO) has
B antigens and anti-A antibodies
Natural selection operates on the ____ of an individual organism
phenotype
Which will result in the transformation of a population
directional selection
When populations migrate, their genes are experiencing ____
gene flow
Which causes new genetic variation?
mutations
A change in the frequency of a gene in a population over time due to entirely random factor is called ____
genetic drift
The ____ a population, the greater the potential effect of genetic drift on gene frequencies
smaller
Founder effect occurs when
a subset of a larger population becomes isolated
Which of the following is an example of genetic bottleneck
a large diverse gene pool undergoes a rapid decrease in size and then increases again
Which of the following is best defined as "the differential reproductive success within one sex of any species"?
Sexual selection
The difference in size, shape, or color between the sexes within a species is referred to as
sexual dimorphism
It is thought that males often compete for access to females because females have
limited reproductive potential
Features that are homologous are similar due to
shared evolutionary history
What are homoplasies?
Traits that are shaped due to similar selective pressures but not common ancestry.
In cladistics, a clade contains species ____
lined by a set of unique traits
Measuring the total fitness of an organism and its close kid is called
inclusive fitness
When selective pressure causes a particular recessive trait to enhance fitness for some individuals in a population, what happens to allele frequencies for that traits, within the population?
the recessive allele frequency will increase, and the dominant allele frequency will decrease
Which evolutionary force changes gene frequency fastest
genetic drift
It could be argued that the incomplete nature of the fossil record biases the apperance of evolution towards ___
punctuated equilibrium
Which of the forces of evolution could play a role in macroevolution
all of the forces of evolution could potentially play a role in a macroevolution
Monogenism is best described as _____
the idea that all people are a result of the same creation
Which of the following terms is commonly used interchangebly with the term subspecies
race
On a global scale, skin color is a particualry good indicator of geographic orgins
False
A researcher investigating how various cultures classify organisms in the natural world is engaged in study of ___
ethnobiology
A child may be born with hemolytic anema if ____
there is material-fetal incompability of the ABO system
Which of the following best defines cline?
the distribution of a trait or allele across a geographical space
Which of the following is a problem associatied with relying on morphological features to trace gene flow?
all of these
Among adult humans, lactose intolerance is
very common
____ is the most important component of skin color
Melanin
Which of the following regions containes the most genetic diversity
Africa
Which of the following factors is the most significant in the evolution of different skin colors
Vitamin D
Practicing phroenology is an easy way to determine___
whether or not yo are a 19th century rasist
Which of the following best defines auxology
the study of human growth and development
Which of the following is typical of the gestational stage
rapid development
Passages through the stages of infnacy and the juvinale stage are defined with reference to ___
the apperance of permanent teeth
Which of the following is unique to humans?
the adolescent growth spurt
In humans, a prolonged juvenile stage ___
all of these
The secular trend in growth refers to the fact that
children in industralized nations grow larger
-
-
-
-
Individuals suffering from pellagra
lack niacin in their diet
individuals suffering from beriberi
lack thamine in their diet
Problems associated with the so-called thrifty-gene are associated with ____
all of these
Argicultural populations may be more volnerable to infectious disease due to their
higher populations
Science is a pefec process, because data are always interpreted the same way
False
In 1537 Pope Paul III declared the New world Natices as nonhuman
False
During the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries classification took precdence over questions of orgins
True
Mendels work proved to blended nature of inheritance
False
Every cell in an individuals body has the same number of chromosomes
False
Mutations are changes in the ordering of bases such as insertion, deletion, and transcription
True
it is likely that every individual carries a mutation in some gene
True
there are natural forces outside of natural selection that produce evolutonary changes in populations
True
The prime driver of sexual selection is competition between males for mates
True
Linnaus classified species based on evolutionary relationships
False
It appears that natural selection plays little to no role in the distribution of ABO alleles
False
Agricultarists are more likely to suffer from nutrituional stress than hunter-gatherers
True
The process of growth and development remain constant, regardless of environmental condiditons
false