Chapter 6 Ant

carrying capacity

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ceramics

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civilization

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chiefdom

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Sumerian

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cuneiform

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Mesopotamia

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foraging

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food production

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horticulture

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ice-free cooridor

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pottery

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first peopling of the Americas

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Buttermilk Creek site in Texax

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Clovis

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paleoindian

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criteria for distinguishing domestic plants and animals

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Natufians

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PalaeoIndian

Period in which people first arrived and settled through the time in which they were hunting large animals such as mammoths and mastodons, about 14,000 to 9,000 years ago.

Archaic

Period from about 9,000 to 5,000 years ago, Characterized by an on going foraging adaption

Cultural Periods refer in north America

PalaeoIndian and archaic

Cultural Periods in Europe

Upper Palaeolithic, Mesolithic and Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron age

Upper Palaeolithic

Starting: 40000
Correlating:Homo Sapiens
ending:12000
Also know as: Old Stone Age

Mesolithic

Starting:12,000
Ending:10,000
Also Know as: Middle Stone Age
Correlating:Climatic Chage, Advance stone-tool tech,change in diet, more maritime resources.

Neolithic

Starting:10,000
Ending: 5,000
Also Know as: New Stone Age
Correlates: shift to farming in Europe

Time Period:
20,000 -15,000

Domestication of dog
People Colonizing in Americas
increasing population growth

Time Period:
15,000-10,000

Transition to food production from foraging
Megafauna(mammoth and mastodon) hunting in north America

Time Period:
10,000-5,000

More people adopt food production as subsistence strategy.
Significant Population Growth
Social and political,writing,Civilization emerge.

Standard for proving proof for claiming early archaeological sites in the Americans

1.Evidence must be undisputedly cultural
2.dating has to be ndisputedly reliable

theory regarding how North America was first populated?

The ice-free corridor.
The Beringia.
The Solutrean hypothesis.
coastal Migration route

Beringia

A large, ice-free area connecting northern Asia to northwest North America During the last ice age.

Coastal Migration route

A Theory that people came down the coast of what is now Alaska and British Columbia in western Canada, using boats or walking along the coastline.

solutrean hypotheise

a route from Europe via North Atlantic Ocean.

ice-free corridor route

A corridor between two large ice sheets covering most of canada. During warming trends of the last age, the two glaciers separated, creating a corridor linking beringia to the areas south.

Carbon 14 dating is widely recongnized as the best

technique for early sites in north America up to about 40,000)

maritime adaption with a seafood diets suggested

some populations probably aarriving via the coastal migration route

Clovis and folom

well-know variants of the fluted points

The population explosion wab likely triggered by

fluted point, a new kind of projectile point(12,000)

Fluted points were no longer used

after 9,000 years ago

The purposed of the fluted could be

1.cause more blood loss from the animal by creating a channel for it to flow along
2.may have facilitated easier and quicker hafting to spear ponts

The reason for the numerous archaeological sites start appearing around 12,000

1.greater archaeological visibility
2.increased population

The best evidence of dietary diversity comse

coprolites

Transition to food production btween

20,000 to 5,000

food producers

began manipulate plants and animals to increase their productivity,creating surplus

domestication

plants or animals are under the control of human.

pastoralism

subsistence strategy of domesticate animals

horticulture

domestication of plants

Domestication increased the

carrying capacity of the regions which human filled.

agriculture

intensive cultivation

disadvatage of horticulture and pastoralism

more time spent on subsistence than foraging
poor health, nutrition and diseases based on the skeletons of early pastoralists and horticulturalists
internal conflict,social inequality
ties up resource base in fewer species, making people more susceptible

advatage of horticulture and pastoralism

food surplus to hedge against poor hunting or gathering
use to trade item
reduce mobility allowing for accumulation
more people can live together
emergence of more formal political systems

a explanation for emergence of food production are linked

with changing environments

Other explanation for transition to food production is

1. foods may been domesticated to increase wealth and status
2.domesticated for making alcohol

Once domestication begins and food surplus is created then the

population keep increasing and the cycle of increasing food production to keep up with demand continues.

identifying subsistence strategies for foragers

Wide variety of wild plants and animals.
small groups
temporary settlements
egalitarina
often interested in determing in which season a site was used

identifying subsistence strategies for pastoralism and horticulture

Plant and animal in correalting with the size of settlement and population
Pastoralists: little diversity in animals but high diversity plants
horticulturalist:little diversity in plants but hight diveristy in animal.
Live in large and permanent settlemen

Domestic plants criteria

Part of plant that people are larger or clustered
lost it way to for natural dispersal
a genetic change
loss dormancy
ripen simultaneously
less self-Protection such as thorns and toxins

Domestic Animals

animals are smaller
find more complete skeletons in the faunal assemblage
high percentage of young male in assemblage
high percentage of old female in assembalge

Food production is strongly correlated with

settlement patterns

The surplus crated b pastoralism also means

that more people can live together, leading to larger settlements and more time time building structures
larger population and settlement size

city in terms of archaeological

at least 5,000 residents

Pottery

ceramics(baked clay) use to contain something

ceramic technology was developed by

upper palaeolithic about 30,000

Pottery around the world

china:20,000
japan:15,000
Africa,Asia,europe:10,000

pro of pottery

Simple to make :water,mixing clay and heat
common matiral , cheap to make
excellent containers

cons of pottery

bulky
heavy
fragile
did not make sense until people settle down more

Changes in social and political systems are intricately linked with

food production.

Change in food production triggered by reduction in carrying capacity led to to larger population that

required new social and political structures to be effective

Pastoralists exhibit

tribes that were divided in several villages with total population of no more then few thousand with each village with big man that would maintain order and be represeative with other village

large number of people required

ledership to coordinate activites within groups ans maitain relations with other groups

Horticulturalists are organized as

tribe or chiefdom have a rigid hierarchical leadership based on heredity and tax in from of goods and labor

chiefdom

large scale horticultural group

state

population based on agriculture and could number in the hundreds of thousands

Identifying social and political system base on subsistence strategy:Foraging

bands

Identifying social and political system base on subsistence strategy: pastoralists with

tribes

Identifying social and political system base on subsistence strategy: horticulturalist with

chiefdoms

Identifying social and political system base on subsistence strategy: Agriculturalists

states

indication of social stratification through

size of house and distribution of remains

Civilization emerge a

few hundred years before 5,000 years ago

Earliest civilization

sumerian
13 different city states
know as Mesopotamia
is now know as Iraq

Civilization must have

agricultural base
state level of political organization,
monumental architecture
least one city
writing

Cuneiform

a written script on caly tablets placed in mesopotamia more then 5,000 most likely for record kepping

art has been pervasive but as you progress in time

it become more visible.

1. The Neolithic period/fraginst poamework refers to
a. 14,000-9,000 years ago in North America.
b. 9,000-5,000 years ago in North America.
c. 10,000-5,000 years ago in Europe.
d. 12,000-10,000 years ago in Europe.

c. 10,000-5,000 years ago in Europe.
page 115 Table 6.1

2. Which period/framework encompasses a scenario where people were hunting mastodons in North America?
a. PaleoIndian
b. Archaic
c. Upper Paleolithic
d. Mesolithic

a. PaleoIndian
Page 115 Paragraph 3

3. What evidence could potentially change archaeologists' views on when North America when initially settled?
a. A mammoth bone embedded with a human-made tool.
b. A human skeleton beneath a volcanic ash layer that dated to 12,000 years ago.
c. Genetic pr

d. An axe dating to 25,000 years ago using Carbon 14 techniques.
page 117 paragraph 1

The Beringia is
a. the landmass formed when all the continents were originally connected.
b. an extinct megafauna that humans followed when they found North America.
c. the name used to refer to the first people who inhabited North America.
d. the area th

d. the area that connects northern Asia to North America.
page 117 paragraph 3

5. Which of the following is not a term that relates to a specific theory regarding how North America was first populated?
a. The ice-free corridor.
b. The Beringia.
c. The Solutrean hypothesis.
d. The Medieval Warm Period

d. The Medieval Warm Period

6. What are two popular explanations of the development of fluted points?
a. They increased blood loss for animals and had spiritual significance.
b. They facilitated hafting and increased blood loss for animals.
c. They were a natural formation in the st

b. They facilitated hafting and increased blood loss for animals.
page 122 paragraph 2

7. The domestication of animals as a subsistence strategy is referred to as
a. artificial selection.
b. horticulture.
c. evolution.
d. pastoralism.

d. pastoralism.
pge 123 paragraph 4

8. Which of the following would be an example of horticulture?
a. The inter-breeding of two varieties of dogs to make them more docile.
b. Practicing a land rotation of soy crops and sheep to maintain soil chemistry.
c. The opportunistic gathering of wild

d. The inter-breeding of two varieties of corn to increase crop yields.

9. Which of the following archaeological sites would likely have been inhabited by foragers?
a. A small fall camp site with the remains of a lot of local nuts and acorns.
b. A large village site where there is evidence of the harvesting of large quantitie

a. A small fall camp site with the remains of a lot of local nuts and acorns.
page 128 paragraph 2
not sure

10. Which of the following faunal assemblages would likely be of domesticated animals?
a. An assemblage with a larger percentage of older male cow skulls.
b. An assemblage with a lower percentage of complete older female deer skeletons.
c. An assemblage w

c. An assemblage with a larger percentage of complete young male fox skeletons.
page 130 paragraph 3

11. Which of the following is an attribute of domestic plants?
a. The plant has lost its mechanism for natural dispersal and the crops tend to ripen simultaneously.
b. The plant has lost its dormancy period and the flowers have become more vibrant in colo

a. The plant has lost its mechanism for natural dispersal and the crops tend to ripen simultaneously.
page 129 table 6.4

12. Pottery did not become prevalent until about 10,000 years ago because
a. the technology to make pottery was not developed until this time.
b. the technology was first developed in North America and did not transfer to the Old World until that time.
c.

c. it was heavy and a burden for highly mobile peoples.
page 131 paragraph 3

13. A lifeway that revolves around animal domestication and herding is referred to as
a. pastoralism.
b. foraging.
c. horticulture.
d. bipedalism.

a. pastoralism.
page 123 paragraph 4

14. If you find evidence of larger pears at one site and smaller pears at another site that is contemporaneous, this would be an indication that
a. these are examples of the natural variability within wild pears.
b. one site practices domesticated pears a

c. this is an example of the successful domesticating of pears.
page 129 paragraph 1

15. What are some of the arguments for beer being a driving force in the domestication of plants?
a. Humans likely started walking to gather naturally fermented fruits and have always sought new sources of alcohol.
b. The fermentation of grains was a mean

c. Fermentation increases the nutritional value of grains and kills pathogens in the water.
page 163 box 6.3

16. The large animals hunted during the early colonization of North America are often referred to as
a. mastodons.
b. megafauna.
c. domesticates.
d. macrofauna.

b. megafauna.
page 116 table 6.2

17. Which of the following is not a problem with identifying North American sites older than 14,000 years?
a. Rising sea levels mean that many coastal sites are underwater.
b. Natural and taphonomic processes would have destroyed a large portion of these

d. The Medieval Warm Period covered much of North America with a thick layer of sand that is difficult to dig through.
page 119 paragraph 4

18. Which of the following is a major problem with the "Paleo-diet" arguments?
a. Many of the animals humans were consuming during the Paleo period no longer exist.
b. Natural and cultural selection has altered the available plants so that they must be he

d. They assume that there was a common diet in the past that is better than the diet today.
page 114 box 1.6 paragraph 4

19. The transition from the Upper Paleolithic to Mesolithic periods is demarcated by
a. the creation of tools made of natural copper sources.
b. advances in stone tool technology and a shift towards maritime resources.
c. the start of a new ice age which

b. advances in stone tool technology and a shift towards maritime resources.
page 116 paragraph 1

20. The transition from the Stone Age to Bronze Age periods is demarcated by
a. the third agricultural revolution that introduced large domestic farms.
b. the addition of tin to copper, which requires hotter fires.
c. the initial colonization of the Ameri

b. the addition of tin to copper, which requires hotter fires.
page 116 paragraph 2

21. Why was iron not used during the Bronze Age?
a. The golden color of bronze was widely considered much more aesthetically pleasing.
b. The major sources of iron were submerged during this period of time.
c. People were not able to make fires hot enough

c. People were not able to make fires hot enough to extract iron from ore.
page 116 paragraph 2

22. Which of the following is not a reason why claims of sites earlier than 20,000 years old in North America are considered unreliable?
a. Many of these sites have not been subjected to radiocarbon dating.
b. Humans had not colonized the western coast of

b. Humans had not colonized the western coast of the Pacific Ocean in significant numbers by this time.
page 117 paragraph 1

23. Which of the following statements concerning Kennewick Man is correct?
a. Kennewick Man was classified as Caucasian.
b. Kennewick Man is considered the earliest human skeleton recovered in North America.
c. It was determined that the Kennewick Man ske

a. Kennewick Man was classified as Caucasian.
page 121 table 6.3

24. The New World population explosion around 12,000 years ago is correlated with the development of
a. stone tools.
b. fluted points.
c. domesticated corn.
d. bronze spears.

b. fluted points.
page 121 paragraph 1

25. Horticulture is to agriculture as
a. industrial farming is to family farming.
b. socialism it to capitalism.
c. empire is to civilization.
d. an individual fishing boat is to an expansive fleet of fishing trawlers.

d. an individual fishing boat is to an expansive fleet of fishing trawlers.

26. Which statement is false about early pastoralists and horticulturalists?
a. Skeletal evidence indicates that peoples' health often deteriorated as a result of domestication.
b. They often shifted between foraging and agriculture on a year-to-year basi

b. They often shifted between foraging and agriculture on a year-to-year basis.
page 123 paragraph 6

27. Which of the following is not a popular explanation for the early adoption of domestication?
a. It was a by-product of alcohol production which increased the nutritional benefits of early grains.
b. It was a means to increase the carrying capacity of

d. People were becoming more sedentary and domestication was a means to increase the food production in a limited area.

28. Which of these statements is true, concerning the management of the environment by early humans?
a. They would hunt specific undesirable species to extinction to allow for preferred species to prosper.
b. Early humans lived in a state of equilibrium w

d. They deliberately set fires to areas to manipulate the varieties of plants and animals
that would re-populate the region.

Which plant demonstrates attributes associated with plant domestication?
a. Maize plants that are dispersed by deer and birds.
b. A raspberry bush that has large thorns and scattered berries.
c. Potatoes that have a long dormancy period before they begin

d. An apple tree with large fruit that ripen simultaneously.
Page 129

30. Why would the presence of a large number of complete animal skeletons in an assemblage be an indicator of domestication?
a. Because they are harvesting and processing a large number of animals on site.
b. Because pastoralists value the use of the whol

a. Because they are harvesting and processing a large number of animals on site.
page 130 paragraph 130

. Pastoralists are typically semi-sedentary because
a. they follow their herds around and choose not to direct them.
b. it is easier to transport living animals to markets than pre-processed ones.
c. they were continuously raided by horticultural communit

d. they transfer their animals between environments and altitudes to get the optimal grasses.
page 130 paragraph 1

With increased sedentism, you would also expect to see
a. an increased emphasis on animal domestication.
b. the appearance of more permanent structures.
c. more efforts to promote environmental sustainability.
d. a social structure that privileges patrili

b. the appearance of more permanent structures.
Page 130 paragraph 1

33. Why do populations tend to increase in agricultural societies?
a. Agriculture requires a large labor pool so having large families is a positive social act in the region.
b. Agriculture tends to produce a food surplus that allows for a greater number

b. Agriculture tends to produce a food surplus that allows for a greater number of people to live in a region.
page 132 paragraph 6

34. The main difference between a tribe and chiefdom is that
a. tribes are foragers while chiefdoms are agriculturalists.
b. chiefdoms have a form of currency while tribes use a barter system.
c. chiefdoms tend to have a more rigid leadership structure th

c. chiefdoms tend to have a more rigid leadership structure that is based upon heredity.
page 132 paragraph 5

Which of the following evidence would you expect to see in a chiefdom?
a. A small camp site where a variety of species and elements are found in the faunal assemblage.
b. A seasonal village site where complete sheep skeletons were found.
c. Several interc

c. Several interconnected villages that relied primarily on beans and where a set of the houses are much more substantial than the rest.
page 132 paragraph 4

The earliest forms of writing were primarily used for
a. creating societal laws.
b. record keeping.
c. recording oral traditions.
d. poetry.

b. record keeping.
page 134 paragraph 1

37. The role of the Big Man in tribal societies was to
a. maintain order and represent the village to others.
b. lead raiding parties and respond to wartime duel requests.
c. conduct the majority of the hunting and train the next generation.
d. negotiate

a. maintain order and represent the village to others.
page 132 paragraph 5

Why does a social and political change follow a shift in food production strategies?
a. Pastoralism and horticulture are more prone to raiding and warfare which require a social and political structure that can train military forces.
b. A food surplus lea

b. A food surplus leads to a larger population that requires a more rigid and hierarchical social and political structure to be effective.
page 132 paragraph 2

Iraq is referred to as the "cradle of civilization" because
a. the first tool using hominid, Homo habilis, was evolved in this area.
b. it was the home of the Sumerians, the earliest known civilization.
c. some of the first domesticated plants, emmer whea

b. it was the home of the Sumerians, the earliest known civilization.
page 133 paragraph 2

. Which statement would be true if you found a large amount of dung and high percentage of older female skeletons near an archaeological site?
a. The former inhabitants were foragers.
b. The former inhabitants were horticulturists.
c. The former inhabitan

c. The former inhabitants were pastoralists.
page 129

The Archaic period refers to
a. 40,000 to 12,000 years ago in Europe.
b. 14,000 to 9,000 years ago in North America.
c. 10,000 t0 5,000 years ago in Europe.
d. 9,000 to 5,000 years ago in North America.

Answer: d
Feedback: The Archaic period refers to 9,000 to 5,000 years ago in North America. Europe and North America have differing cultural periods.

2. The Solutrean hypothesis is
a. the theory that North America was first populated by European peoples who sailed across the Atlantic in early boats.
b. the belief that there was once a landmass that connected northern Asia to North America.
c. the theor

Answer: a
Feedback: The Solutrean hypothesis is the theory that North America was first populated by European peoples who sailed across the Atlantic and down the Atlantic coast in early boats.

3. The domestication of plants is referred to as
a. agriculture.
b. pastoralism.
c. horticulture.
d. industrialization.

Answer: c
Feedback: The domestication of plants is referred to as horticulture.

4. Which of the following faunal assemblages would likely be of domesticated animals?
a. An assemblage with a lower percentage of complete older male sheep skeletons.
b. An assemblage with a lower percentage of young male deer skulls.
c. An assemblage wit

.Answer: c
Feedback: Domesticated assemblages tend to have more complete skeletons and a higher percentage of older females because they would usually have been eaten after they could no longer breed.

5. Which of the following is an attribute of domestic varieties of plants?
a. The colors tend to be more vibrant to make them easier to see.
b. The parts used by humans tend to be larger and clustered.
c. They tend to have larger thorns to prevent other a

Answer: b
Feedback: The parts of domestic varieties of plants that are used by humans tend to be larger and clustered for easier harvesting.

6. Which of the following subsistence strategies tend to be correlated with semi-sedentism?
a. Foraging.
b. Pastoralism.
c. Horticulture.
d. Agriculture.

Answer: b
Feedback: Pastoral societies tend to be semi-sedentary to transfer their herds to optimal gazing areas.

Pottery was first used in
a. China about 20,000 years ago.
b. Japan about 15,000 years ago.
c. Africa about 10,000 year ago.
d. North America about 3,000 years ago.

Answer: a
Feedback: The earliest use of pottery occurred in China at least 20,000 years ago.

8. States tend to be associated with which subsistence strategy?
a. Foraging.
b. Pastoralism.
c. Horticulture.
d. Agriculture.

Answer: d
Feedback: Populations based on agriculture are typically organized as state societies.

9. Which subsistence strategy would typically have a Big Man?
a. Foraging.
b. Pastoralists.
c. Horticulture.
d. Agriculture.

Answer: b
Feedback: Pastoral societies tended to be tribes which had Big Men as formal or informal leaders.

10. Which of the following is a popular explanation for the early adoption of domestication?
a. Domestication was a natural development as humans continued to evolve.
b. People who practiced domestication were healthier and lived longer.
c. Domestication

Answer: c
Feedback: The early transition to domestication has been attributed to the need to increase a region's carrying capacity as a response to environmental change.