7. The time period, region, and one example of people from the Upper Paleolithic period is:
a. 300,000 to 40,000 years ago; Africa, West Asia, Europe; Neandertals
b. 2.5 million to 300,000 years ago; Africa, Asia, Europe; Homo erectu
sc. 40,000 to 15,000
Answer: c
Feedback: The Upper Paleolithic is rarely used outside of Europe, and primarily refers to the culture and peoples who replaced Neandertals in Europe beginning about 40,000 years ago.See page 96.
8. Which of the following would have been a likely hunting scenario for early humans?
a. An individual using an atlatl to fell a mammoth.
b. Women designing traps for caribou.
c. Hunting deer with a bow and arrow.
d. A group of people chasing a bison for
Answer: d
Feedback: Mammoths are too large a prey to be felled by a single person and an atlatl, bows and arrows were not invented yet, and men likely did most of the hunting (and there is no evidence of such traps). Chasing animals until they were exhausted is a known strategy.See page 100
9. What evidence of intentional fire use have archaeologists found in Upper Paleolithic sites?
a. Rocks that show repeated striking (enabling sparks)
.b. Sticks used in friction to heat and burn other flammable materials.
c. Stones arranged in a tradition
Answer: a
Feedback: Evidence of fire comes from a variety of sources, including remnants of the fire itself, such as charred wood or ash, as well as things that have been heated, including bone, stone, and clay.See page 102.
10. Assume there are no fish bones found at a site you are excavating. You can conclude
a. fish were never eaten or used by the people at this site.
b. the excavation was improperly completed, since the site is near a river and you expected to find fish.
Answer: d
Feedback: The absence of something from the archaeological record does not mean it never existed. It is hard to draw concrete conclusions from low-visibility artifacts.
Acheulean
tool associated with homo erectus and bifacial(flake taken of both side)
archaeological record
the basic facts about the past, based on the physical remains of human activity
Major kinds of archaeologists include material remains investigated by archaeologists
archaeological sites
artifacts
features
ecofacts
cultural landscapes
Major archaeological site in the time before 20,000
base camp
habitation site
pictographs
resource processing sites
base camps
presence of artifacts, eofas and feature
feature
a base camp with artifacts and ecofacts in specific pattern
habitation site
inference that people were living at the site, at least on temporary basis
pictographs
rock art that are paintings on immovable rock surfaces, such as boulders, cliff faces,or cave wall.
Rock art appeard in the archaeological records about
40,000
petroglyphs
rock art which ae engraving made on rock surface.
Resource processing sites
an areas where the physical remains indicated people were haresting resource or processing them. Or describe areas where poeple obtaining raw materials
atlatl
spear thrower that extend the arms to throw shorter spears(darts) with better distance, accuracy and velocity
artifact
any objects that has been manufactured or modified, or that show evidence of being used by people
nonortable item created by humans
hearths
lithic scatters
middens
shleter/house structures
ecofact
plant and animal remains
archaeologists are interested in ecofacts for two main reason
palaeoenvironments
diet
feature
...
ant remains in archaeological sites are
botanical remains
floral remains and include seeds, nuts pollen, phytolith and wood
faunal remains
animal remains such as part of an animal, including bone, teeth, shell, hide, hair, fur, nails,claws and internal soft tissue
due to ecofact such as plants are less likely to be preserved then arcaeologists must be
careful to recognize the mias when make inference about dite.
hearth
a discrete campfire size fire site
Lower Paleolithic
...
lithic scatter
accumulation of wast flakes created and left behind from making of lithic(stone) tools
midden
discrete accumulations of trash
low archaeological visibility
it is difficult to identify archaeologicall because it archaeologist tend to focus on tangible aspect of culture
less visible evidence are due to going further back in time
1. old site tend to be cover up
2.organic remains being preserved decreasess
3.fewer number of humans there were to leave physical evidence
4. fewer the kinds of physical evidence of culture there were
Archaeologist recognize that there is a very strong bias towards
inorganic materials, such as stone and ceramic artifacts due to being alb epreserve better than inorganic materials
until 10,000
human groups were fairly mobile
Middle Paleolithic
...
Upper Paleolithic
culture and peoples who replaced neandertals in europe beginings about 40,000(rearely used outside of europe)
Oldowan
associated with homo habilis and made from a cobblestone with a to several flakes (unifacial tool)
Mousterian
...
coprolites
preserved human feces and excellent way of determining diet.
Homo habilis
...
Homo sapiens sapiens
...
Homo erectus
...
Homo floresiensis,
...
Homo Neanderthalensis,
...
Australopithecus africanus,
...
Eugene Dubois,
...
Lucy,
...
Donald Johanson,
...
Ernst Haeckel,
...
Piltdown Man,
...
Sinanthropus/ Peking Man
...
Palaeolithic means
old stone ages
lower palaeolithic describe
people and cultures associated with homo habilis and homo erectus(lumper view)
middle palaeolithic is equated with
people and cultures associated with archaic homo sapiens, homo heidelbergensis, and neandertals
Upper palaeolithic(rarely use outside of europe) refer to
culture and people who replaced Neandertals in europe beginning about 40,000 years ago
Lower palaeolithic antiquity and region
2.5 million-500,000 years ago and Africa, Asia, europe
Middle Palaeolithic antiquity and region
500,000-40,000 years ago and Africa,West Africa, Europe
Upper Palaeolithic antiquity and region
40,000 -12,000 years ago and Mostly europe
Lower Palaeolithic cultural Developments
forms of stone tools and technology oldowan developed
control fire
base camps and division labor
subsistence strategy: hunting and meat eating
Middle palaeolithic cultural developments
advances in lithic technology and finely crafted spears
deliberate burials, art, jewelry(debatable)
peoples extended territories in northern latitudes
Upper Palaeolithic cultural developments
Advance in technology.
undisputed evidence of deliberate human burials and art
invention of atlatl(spear thower)
earliest member of the genus Homo depend on
primarily on plants food but incorporated more meat in their diet than australopithecine ancestors
homo habilis are usually associated with
bones and tools
the Scavenging hypothesis has
little evidence such as extract of marrow but is disputed by show that nonhuman primate that eat meat hunt rather than scavenge
Major kinds of remain that archaeologist use to reconstruct a diet
Plant and animal remains in cultural context
human skeletal remains
coprolites
human soft tissue
residue on artifacts
A diet rich in meat will have
high level of copper and zinc
Significance of meat and the adoption of hunting strategies clearly increased with
the emergence of homo erectus
The drive force of increased hunting strategies could be
using fire for cooking but is controversial
increased meat eating about 2.5 million associated with
homo habilis
cooking about 1.8 million associated with
homo erectus
cooking allow for
increased energetic efficiency
persistence hunting
that small group of people would simply chase a selected animal until the animal die from exhaustion.
Bipedalism allow to cover
large distance and have higher endurance.
Inference about the number and organization of people living during the Palaeolithic is base on
1.analogy with nonhuman primates and human foragers of recent and contemporary times
2. archaeological evidence
Problem for archaeologists include determining whether the remnants of fire they observe are
natural or cultural
1.analogy with nonhuman primates and human foragers of recent and contemporary times
Group size 25 to 35
Membership would been fluid
exogamous(upon mating age member would find partners from outside the group)
no group lived in isolation due to exgamy
people from bands interacted with other bands
division of labor based on sex
Evidence of group were
mostly egalitarian by fairly equitable distribution of resources within habitation site
Stratification likely started in
upper palaeolithic
most important achievement in the development of human culture was the
ability to control fire.
The ability to control fire allow for
1.enable more kinds of food to be eaten and increased the nutritional value of some
2. provide light, increased the practice of light
3.provide heat, enable expansion into territories
4. give protection to animal
5.provide focus for social interactions
6. enable advance in technology
Most archaeologists agree that the evidence of widespread control of fire by
about 40,000 years
Some anthropologists believe human started controlling fire almost
two million years ago
Difference in level of sophistication of lithic technology is based
the average amount of cutting edge produced from a single pound of stone
homo(habilis/rudolfenise level of sophistication
2 inches of cutting edge per pound
Homo erecuts level of sophistication
8 inches of cutting edge per pound
Middle Palaeolithic level of sophistication
40 inches of cutting edge per pound
Upper Palaeolithic level of sophistication
120 inches of cutting edge per pound
First undisputed throwing spears dated to
400,000 year ago and associated with hom heidelbergensis in germany.
First evidence of atlatl appears in europe about
30,000 year ago
Acheulean hand ax appear in the archaeological recored about
1.7 million years ago
earliest undisputed evidence of art dates
about 40,000 years about
Cave art or rock art often link
religion and ritual
Artifact commonly refer to as venus figurines are often
categorized as art and associated with eurpean upper palaeolithic
some archaeolgists only accept that it was modren homo sapiens that began burying their dead about
30,000 years
The spread of human during the palaeolithci was clearly enhanced by
culture
1. Which of the following is not an area encompassed by the term "archaeological record"?
a. The actual physical remains of human activities.
b. Contemporary structures based on past designs.
c. All records associated with archaeological investigations (m
b. Contemporary structures based on past designs
2. In the archaeological record, physical remains of human activity
a. are a secondary source of information, less important than ethnographic data.
b. are a primary source of information, but not the only one (other kinds of sources include artifacts, cu
b. are a primary source of information, but not the only one (other kinds of sources include artifacts, cultural landscapes, ecofacts, etc.).
page 92 2nd paragaraph
3. If you found a site that is categorized as a base camp, you could expect its archaeological record to include which of the following?
a. Monumental stone architecture (since they would need to easily relocate the camp).
b. A spiritual focus area for re
d. Lithic tool and bone fragments (since they were used for butchering).page 93 paragraph 2
4. What kinds of contemporary locations would be most parallel to a past "habitation site"?
a. Restaurants and/or convenient stores.
b. Hotels and/or apartments.
c. Malls and/or general stores.
d. Pubs and/or town halls.
b. Hotels and/or apartments.
page 93 paragraph 2
If you found a site including pictographs and petroglyphs, you would likely be
a. in or near a cave.
b. near a taboo area that people were supposed to avoid.
c. examining a domestic structure.
d. in an area where raw stone materials were collected.
a. in or near a cave.
page 93 paragraph 3
Which of the following would most likely not be considered an artifact?
a. Utilized flakes.
b. A fire hearth.
c. A modified human bone.
d. Some ceramic fragments.
b. A fire hearth.
fire hearth is a feature page 93 paragraph 6.
7. Which of the following would most likely be considered an archaeological feature?
a. Remnants of a house structure.
b. Animal remains.
c. Petroglyphs.
d. Charred wood.
a. Remnants of a house structure.
page 93 paragraph 6
8. What kind of things might you expect to find if you excavated a twenty-first-century midden?
a. A couch, coffee table, and television.
b. A stove, pots and pans, and dishes.
c. Broken objects, empty containers, and food scraps.
d. Farming implements, s
c. Broken objects, empty containers, and food scraps.
page 93 paragraph 6
9. Which kind of information would you not expect to find if you were researching a site's paleoenvironment?
a. Weather, climate (clothing, housing).
b. Diets (pottery, faunal remains).
c. Animal populations (clothing, faunal remains).
d. Lithic sources (
d. Lithic sources (quarries, flakes).
10. Which of the following would you be least likely to find at a site?
a. Flower petals, because plants do not preserve well.
b. Bear bones, because people used the entire animal and left nothing to find.
c. A handax, because people gathered and disposed
a. Flower petals, because plants do not preserve well.
page 94 paragraph 3.
11. Which of the following would be considered to have low "archaeological visibility"?
a. Early human behavior.
b. Tool production.
c. Architecture.
d. Subsistence strategies.
a. Early human behavior.
page 94 paragraph 1 archaeological tend to focus on the tangible
12. When something is absent from the archaeological record,
a. it means that the excavation was improperly conducted.
b. your site is considered incomplete (not comprehensive) and you cannot make any theories or hypotheses about its inhabitants.
c. it me
d. it may be intangible, very old, relatively fragile, or simply not found yet.
13. Which of the following is not an example of an archaeologist trying to contextualize possible bias?
a. Understanding that the past environment looked very different from today.
b. Understanding that just because ceramics were found at a site, this doe
c. Finding a large midden and concluding that its inhabitants were a destructive culture.
(not sure)
page 95 paragraph 5
15. The idea that cave art, ceramic technology, and spear throwers originated in prehistoric Europe is
a. impossible, since humans first evolved in Africa.
b. possible, but a Eurocentric focus has skewed the archaeological record.
c. proof that Neandertal
b. possible, but a Eurocentric focus has skewed the archaeological record.
page 69 paragraph 1(not sure)
16. The majority of archaeological sites have been found in Europe. This is because
a. the archaeological discipline was developed in Europe, and Eurocentric attitudes and interests meant that other areas around the world have not received as much attenti
a. the archaeological discipline was developed in Europe, and Eurocentric attitudes and interests meant that other areas around the world have not received as much attention as they should. page 26 (not sure)
17. The time period, region, and one example of people from the Lower Paleolithic period is:
a. 300,000 to 40,000 years ago; Africa, West Asia, Europe; Neandertals
b. 2.5 million to 300,000 years ago; Africa, Asia, Europe; Homo erectus
c. 40,000 to 15,000
b. 2.5 million to 300,000 years ago; Africa, Asia, Europe; Homo erectus
page 96 table 5.1
18. If you found an atlatl in a site, it would likely belong
a. to the Upper Paleolithic time period.
b. to the Middle Paleolithic time period.
c. to the Lower Paleolithic time period.
d. sometime between the Lower and Middle Paleolithic time periods.
a. to the Upper Paleolithic time period.
page 97 table 5.2
19. In order to reconstruct the diets of people living in prehistoric times,
a. archaeologists work in collaboration with dieticians to make inferences about past diets based on contemporary populations.
b. archaeologists can use plant and animal remains,
b. archaeologists can use plant and animal remains, human skeletal remains, and many other aspects of the fossil record.
page 97 paragraph 1
20. When examining plant and animal remains in relation to prehistoric diets, archaeologists must be able to
a. have extremely well-preserved specimens of each in order to draw any conclusions.
b. distinguish between naturally occurring plants or animal l
b. distinguish between naturally occurring plants or animal life and the remains that people actually ate.
page 98 box 5.1
plant and animal remains in good cultural context
21. If you found unblemished fox bones near a site, you might infer
a. that foxes constituted a critical aspect of the site's inhabitants' diet.
b. that foxes were part of the natural environment around the site, but there is no proof they were part of th
b. that foxes were part of the natural environment around the site, but there is no proof they were part of the site's inhabitants' diet.
page 98 box 5.1 bones show no evidence of butchery with a tool.
22. Carbon isotopes are used to
a. date the age of the site and/or remains.
b. determine the date range of petroglyphs and rock art.
c. analyze bones or teeth for clues into dietary habits, such as meat eating.
d. strengthen the integrity of tools (such a
c. analyze bones or teeth for clues into dietary habits, such as meat eating.
page 98 box 5.1 paragraph 4
23. Coprolites are
a. preserved feces.
b. a type stone used to make tools.
c. a form of rock art.
d. the charred remains of a structure after a fire.
a. preserved feces.
page 98 box 5.1 paragraph 5
24. What is a disadvantage when researching coprolites?
a. They are so rare that many researchers end up vying to use the same sample for their own research.
b. There is not much more that can be learned about these tools.
c. As an ideology, it is difficu
d. When reconstituting such remains, the unpleasant smell of feces often returns.
page 98 box 5.1 paragraph 6
25. Some of the earliest appearances of bones and tools (indicating butchering and eating meat) are
a. up to 2.5 million years old and are usually associated with Homo habilis.
b. up to 1 million years old and are usually associated with Homo erectus.
c.
a. up to 2.5 million years old and are usually associated with Homo habilis.
page 97 paragraph 2
26. The meat-gathering strategies of early humans
a. were not complex and only consisted of opportunistically scavenging dead animals.
b. could have included scavenging dead animals and/or purposefully hunting, but they are not definitively known.
c. are
b. could have included scavenging dead animals and/or purposefully hunting, but they are not definitively known.
page 100
27. What evolutionary advantage of humans led to the ability of "persistence hunting"?
a. Brachiation.
b. Larger brains.
c. Opposable thumbs.
d. Bipedalism.
d. Bipedalism.
page 100 paragraph 1
28. Which of the following would not have likely been a hunting scenario for early humans?
a. Several people coordinated in bringing down a mastodon.
b. An individual using an atlatl to fell a mammoth.
c. Thrusting a spear into a caribou.
d. A group of pe
b. An individual using an atlatl to fell a mammoth.
page 100 paragraph 1
it would be very dangerous before the invention of throwing spears.
29. Because of exogamous practices, it is extremely unlikely that early groups of people
a. would exceed more than 30 individuals in number.
b. were isolated - instead, they interacted with neighboring bands.
c. were in contact with each other - rather, t
b. were isolated - instead, they interacted with neighboring bands.
page 100 paragraph 2
30. Which of the following is not true regarding a division of labor among early humans?
a. Males were likely the primary hunters; females were likely the primary gatherers (it would have been difficult to hunt when pregnant or caring for children).
b. A
d. Males, being the likely hunters, were considered more important and considered superior to females.
31. Humans have likely been using fire for
a. at the latest, 100,000 years, and at the earliest, almost 500,000 years.
b. at the latest, 10,000 years, and at the earliest, almost 1 million years.
c. at the latest, 700,000 years, and at the earliest, almos
d. at the latest, 40,000 years, and at the earliest, almost 2 million years.
page 103 paragraph 3
32. It is difficult to determine exactly when people started controlling fire because
a. even evidence such as charred bones could be explained through natural fires and scavenging.
b. the nature of fire means that all evidence of it is burned away, leavi
a. even evidence such as charred bones could be explained through natural fires and scavenging.
page 101 paragraph 3
33. Which of the following is not a consequence of controlling fire?
a. Expansion into new territories (a result of the ability to have heat in cold regions).
b. Social interactions and protection against animals (a result of light).
c. Ceramic production
d. Disease and negative health effects (e.g., caused by smoke inhalation, etc.).
page 101 paragraph 4
35. A difference between Oldowan and Acheulean tools is
a. how they were made: Oldowan are unifacial (flakes taken from one side), whereas Acheulean are bifacial (flakes taken from both sides).
b. their respective time periods: Acheulean tools were the pr
a. how they were made: Oldowan are unifacial (flakes taken from one side), whereas Acheulean are bifacial (flakes taken from both sides).
page 103 paragraph 2 and 4
36. Which is the correct order of the following weapons, listed chronologically oldest to youngest, in the archaeological record?
a. Acheulean handax, spears, atlatl
b. Atlatl, Acheulean handax, spears
c. Spears, Atlatl, Acheulean handax
d. Atlatl, spears
a. Acheulean handax, spears, atlatl
37. An atlatl is essentially an extension of what body part?
a. The leg.
b. The eyes (vision-related).
c. The arm.
d. The thumb.
c. The arm.
page 103 paragraph 6
38. The purpose of the Paleolithic Venus figurines is
a. as erotica, as they are known to have been created as a kind of "prehistoric Barbie doll."
b. to protect the dead (which is why they are always found in burials).
c. as a calendar, since they assist
d. assumed to be sexual, but is likely a form of art (whether for rituals, social alliances, self-portraits, or other reasons).
39. Which of the following scenarios or findings could NOT an example of past peoples' ideologies, as understood within the archaeological record?
a. A skeleton found buried with a ritual object/artifact.
b. Overlaying images painted by hand in a cave.
c.
d. A midden full of lithic flakes and other materials.
In Paleolithic times, most people likely
a. lived exclusively in caves (as evidenced by the art left behind and the protection from animals they received).
b. did not live in caves (they were cold, dangerous, and away from resources like water).
c. tempor
Answer: b
Feedback: Caves were not generally used for dwellings, and artifacts/art found there are better preserved (leading to high archaeological visibility and bias).See page 107.
Unlike other animals, humans could expand into new territories because
a. bipedalism is the only locomotive method that allows long distance migrations.
b. they were able to take advantage of a very specific and narrow window of time/weather that occurred
Answer: d
Feedback: Cultural advancements enabled expansion, including fire use, clothing, social communication, and more.See page 108.
The presence of bones at a site
a. definitely means that those animals were eaten by the humans at that site.
b. could be evidence of meat gathering strategies by humans, or could be naturally occurring remains of scavengers and other fauna of the time.
c
Answer: b
Feedback: It all depends on the context of the bones, which means definitive conclusions are not possible. One of the big problems archaeologists grapple with is how to tell the difference between bones from food animals and bones from animals that simply lived around the area.See page 97.
Ideology is difficult to study in the archaeological record because
a. archaeologists prefer to work with skeletal remains.
b. it is nearly impossible to receive grant funding to study ideological aspects of early culture.
c. it is an intangible thing rel
.Answer: c
Feedback: Art, religion, and anything intangible stemming from ideology requires some kind of physical remains (such as burial rites, cave art, etc.); these things are therefore even more susceptible to interpretation biases.
If you found a site that had clear evidence of butchering and remains from people living there an extended amount of time, it would likely be categorized as a
a. base camp.
b. resource processing site.
c. habitation site.
d. fire hearth.
Answer: c
Feedback: A site where people lived for any amount of time is a habitation site.See page 93.
The majority of archaeological sites concerning early humans have been found
a. in Europe, due to overrepresentation and Eurocentric attitudes within the discipline.
b. in Africa, since this is the birthplace of modern human life and culture.
c. in Asia,
Answer: a
Feedback: The archaeological discipline was developed in Europe, and Eurocentric attitudes and interests meant that other areas around the world have not received as much attention as they should.See page 96.