What two fundamental principles is epi based on?
� Human disease does not occur at random; there are factors or determinants which can increase or decrease the likelihood of disease.
� The factors or determinants (some are causal and some are preventive) can be identified by systematic investigation of
Population
refers to a collection of individuals that share one or more observable personal or observational characteristic from which data may be collected and evaluated.
Social
Economic
Family (marriage and divorce)
Work and labor force
Geographic factors
explain the PPT's of disease distribution
The study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations and the application of this study to control health problems
� Person: age, sex, race
� Place: urban, US states, near power plant
� Time: June, annual, decade
Host factors
traits of an individual person or animal that affect susceptibility to disease
EX: Family history and Genetics
Physical
Ability of the human body to function properly; includes physical fitness and activities of daily living.
Social
Ability to have satisfying relationships; interaction with social institutions and societal mores.
Mental
Ability to think clearly, reason objectively, and act properly.
Emotional
Ability to cope, adjust and adapt; self-efficacy and self-esteem.
Spiritual
Feeling as if part of a greater spectrum of existence; personal beliefs and choices.
Environmental
Comprised of external factors (i.e., one's surroundings such as habitat or occupation) and internal factors (i.e., one's internal structure such as genetics).
Understand how epi relates to the three core public health functions
1. The assessment and monitoring of the health of communities and populations at risk to identify health problems and priorities. 2.The formulation of public policies designed to solve identified local and national health problems and priorities. 3.To ass
List three questions that can be answered by epidemiology.
Is the rate of drunk driving accidents increasing?What was the cause of the salmonella outbreak?Who is most likely to get the flu? Do cell phones cause brain tumors? Is echinacea effective in treating the common cold?Does tamoxifen prevent breast cancer i
Define communicable disease. Can noninfectious diseases be communicable?
When an infectious disease is contagious, or capable of being communicated or transmitted, it is called a communicable disease
What are the 4 major stages in the disease process?
1.Stage of susceptibility 2.Stage of pre-symptomatic disease (Incubation period) 3.Stage of clinical disease 4.Stage of recovery, disability, or death
Congenital and hereditary diseases
Down syndrome, hemophilia, heart disease at an early age
Allergies and inflammatory diseases
Body reacting to an invasion of or injury by a foreign object or substance
Degenerative diseases
Deterioration of body systems, tissue, and functions. Often associated with the aging process
Metabolic diseases
Cause the dysfunction, poor function, or malfunction of certain organs or physiological processes within the body leading to disease states. Cells may no longer utilize glucose normally causing diabetes
Cancer
Characterized by abnormal growth of cells that form a variety of tumors, both benign and malignant
Incidence
Number or counting of new cases of event for identified target group
Incidence rate
proportion of people who experience new event during set period of time
Prevalence
Number or counting of existing cases of event in a target group at a single point in time
Prevalence rate
proportion of people with event at a single point in time
Crude rate
A type of rate that has not been modified to take account of any of the factors such as the demographic make-up of the population that may affect the observed rate
Specific rates
Can be cause- age- or sex- specific
Adjusted rates
A rate of morbidity or mortality in a population in which statistical procedures have been applied to permit fair comparisons across populations by removing the effect of differences in the composition of various populations (i.e.: age-adjusted death rate
Risk
Likelihood that people without disease, injury, or social condition will acquire disease, injury, or social condition over lifetime.
Risk factors
Any factors that are related to an increased likelihood of experiencing disease, injury, or social condition. Ex: Host vs. environmental.
Relative
The risk of disease in one group of people is not the same as risk of disease in another group. The level (or likelihood) of risk can be compared between two groups.
Identify two sources of public health data.
Census, WHO, cdc
Explain the importance of surveillance data.
Public Health surveillance is a systematic on going collection, analysis, interpretation, and dissemination of health data. We collect surveillance data to monitor health. Identify sudden changes in occurrence. Follow long-term trends and patterns. Identi
Descriptive
data on incidence, mortality risk, BRFSS
Cohort
usually prospective, "NHS" Designed to evaluate the relationship between a disease (or other condition) and behavior of a free-living group.Development of disease over time. Incidence of developing a disease/ condition
Case control
Poland Study. Use existing medical records to identify people. Those a certain health problem ("cases"). A similar group without the problem ("controls")
Cross sectional surveys
NHANES
Controlled trials
intervention and placebo groups, ATBC
Selection
Cases and controls selected into the study is based in some way on the exposure-The relationship between exposure and disease among participants in the study differs from what the relationship would have been among individuals in the population of interes
Recall bias
Differential accuracy of recall between cases and controls
Interviewer bias
Interviewer probes cases differently than controls
Describe one method of how surveillance monitoring is conducted in the United States.
Reporting, Data accumulation, Data analysis, Judgment and action