Why was the Spanish-Chamorro War significant?
Canon: It was not that bad
Truth: Significant because of upheaval to established culture, religion. The fact is that Chamorros died.
Why is important to question the concept of ____________nization?
Did Chamorros automatically become Hispanic and give up old culture or did something more complex happen? Although the Spanish did have an impact, Chamorros found a way to continue culture.
What was the aftermath of the Spanish-Chamorro Wars on Guam population?
1668: 12K
1690: <2K
What was the aftermath of the Spanish-Chamorro Wars on Northern Marianas population?
1668: 12K+
1690: 7K
How does the canonical historiography portray the depopulation during the Spanish-Chamorro wars?
Death was due to superior Spanish soldiers defeating Chamorros who were weak, defeated, and became extinct
What was the population in Guam during the Spanish census of Guam 1710?
Male: 1653
Female: 1419
Children: 660
Total: 3732
How does the Spanish census of Guam 1710 challenge the canon?
If men went extinct, why were there more men?
Besides the war, what were some factors for depopulation in Guam?
1. Disease (1688/1689) epidemics
-Infertility
2. Food shortages
3. War
-Fleeing
-Stress (Societal demoralization)
-Suicide
-Decline in birth rate/forced sterilization
How did societal demoralization contribute to depopulation?
Things were changing too quickly
The Law of the Indies was made up of ____________________ Law and Spanish ______________ __________ __________
1. Ecclestiastical (Church)
2. Spanish Civil/Criminal Code
What was the 2-tier system of the Spanish Government in Guam?
1. Gobernado Politico
-Civil and military responsibilities
-Authoritarian
-> orders=law
-> judge
-> chief of police
2. Alcalde (In village, similar to mayors)
-Appointed by Gobernado politico
-Active or retired Spanish or mestizo officer
-Maintain order/m
How was the Chamorros' compliance with Spanish Law?
The Law is obeyed, but not fulfilled"
-The law had little impact and was only for show
What are some examples of "everyday forms of peasant resistence
Foot dragging, dissumulation, desertion, false compliance, pilfering, feigned ignorance, slander, arson, sabotage, etc.
Why was land tenure a key driving issue in Guam history?
Spain's view of the land clashed with the Chamorro conception of the land (who believed it should be respected)
Land was used for:
-Government: Defense and other needs
-Individual ownership minimal
-Male primogeniture inheritance (Challenges women ownersh
How did Chamorros manage to keep matrilineage through male primogeniture inheritance?
Although men had ownership of land on paper, the female aspect of the family still controlled the land.
During the Spanish Period, describe the transition of the Matua (higher class)
Matua -> Principales
-Became known as Manak'kilo
-Hagatna residency
-Spanish education/language; Chamorro in homes
-Intermarriage with Europeans (Affects mentality that European blood is equated with beauty)
During the Spanish period, describe the transition of the Mana'chang
Mana'chang -> Manak' Papa
-Chamorro "by blood"
-Peripheral/rural residency
-Never owned property
-Leased land owned by principales or crown
How did the galleons travel during the Spanish economy?
-Galleons: May/June: Acapulco to Manila
-Cavite ship: August/September (Manila to Acapulco)
-Main port in Umatac (1680)
-Seat of government: Hagatna
Canonical historiography: Guam fluorishes under Spanish colonial rule)
How do you challenge the canonical historiography that "Guam flourished under Spanish colonial rule"?
The reality was that there was an economic decline, caused by diseases. If everyone on Guam is dying, who will farm for the substinence economy?
-1700; Influenza: 650 deaths
-1709 (Diphthoria and Typhus)
*1698-1702: Death rate outnumbers birthrate among C
What are some proposals after Guam is declared a Colony of Neglect?
1. Proposed relocation (1701)
-Filipino settlement (1722)
-Shipwreck (1748)
-Bring Filipinos in
2. Proposed withdrawal (1701)
-Jesuits opposed to save San Vitores' name
Who kind of saves Guam's economy during economic decline?
Privateers are pirates hired by Europe to rob Spain
How was galleon activity in Guam during 1710-1726?
1710-1720: Galleons arrive only half the years
1723-1726: No galleons arrive so no money is coming in
-Cavite supply ships fail to arrive occassionally and Guam becomes a money pit (Waste of money)
When galleon activity and supply income declines, what does it lead to?
Government corruption
-Government takes soccuro (supplies from Hagatna for village)
-Government takes situado (money brought on galleons from Mexico)
-Pocketing situado
-Price inflation= 500%
-High interest loans
-Labor in lieu of txes
-Work sunrise to su
What is the fortification of Guam?
-Privateers
-Apra Harbor
-Spanish Forts
Why were the Jesuits expelled from Guam in 1769?
The King/Queen felt threatened by the priests' power
-Large ranch abandoned
-Education declined
What caused the Spanish Empire to decline?
The natives begin to rebel
-1811: Manila-Acapulco galleon
-1815: Acapulco-Manila galleon
-Galleon route through Pcific ends and supplies are cut off
How do the whalers save Guam's economy in the 1800s?
-Whaling economy leads to whale towns in Guam
These towns provided:
-Wood
-Water
-Provisions
-Women
-Tuba/aguardiente
-Drunken violence
-Dessertions
-Vevercal disease
-Social problems