An entry in the stockholders' equity section of the balance sheet that reports the cumulative amounts of Other Comprehensive Income. Other Comprehensive Income measures the amounts of all gains and losses in a period that bypass the income statement but a
accumulated other comprehensive income
A retained earnings account that is restricted for a specific use, usually to comply with contractual requirements, board of directors' policy, or current necessity
appropriated retained earnings
An income measurement approach in which a company determines income for the period based on the change in equity, after adjusting for capital contributions or distributions (dividends). An alternative to the transaction approach for income measurement
capital maintenance approach
Adjustments or changes that companies must make because financial circumstances did not turn out as expected. Companies account for changes in estimates in the period of change if they affect only that period, or in the period of change and future periods
changes in estimates
Income measure that includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. Comprehensive income includes: all revenues and gains, expenses and losses reported in net income, and all ga
comprehensive income
Income-reporting approach that advocates reporting only regular and recurring revenue and expense elements, but not irregular items, in income.
current operating performance approach
Occurs for a company when two things happen: (1) a company eliminates the results of operations and cash flows of a component from its ongoing operations, and (2) there is no significant continuing involvement in that component after the disposal transact
discontinued operation
The planned timing of revenues, expenses, gains, and losses to smooth out bumps in earnings.e
earnings management
A distilled and important income figure, calculated as net income minus preferred dividends (income available to common stockholders), divided by the weighted average of common shares outstanding. Companies must disclose earnings per share on the face of
earnings per share (EPS)
Nonrecurring material items that differ significantly from a company's typical business activities. They are distinguished by their unusual nature and by the infrequency of their occurrence.
extraordinary items
The financial report that measures the success of company operations for a given period of time. It is also often called the statement of income or statement of earnings.
Income statement
Reporting of irregular items within an accounting period on the income statement or statement of retained earnings net of tax. Such allocation relates the income tax expense of the fiscal period to the specific items that give rise to the amount of the ta
intraperiod tax allocation
Income-statement components for which the FASB has established special reporting rules. These items fall into six general categories: (1) discontinued operations, (2) extraordinary items, (3) unusual gains and losses, (4) changes in accounting principle,
irregular items
Approach, adopted by the accounting profession, that dictates that companies record just about all items, including irregular ones, as part of net income, and that companies must highlight irregular items in the financial statements
modified all-inclusive concept
Income statement format that separates operating transactions from nonoperating transactions, and matches costs and expenses with related revenues. It highlights certain intermediate components of income that analysts use to compute ratios for assessing t
multiple-step income statement
Measure of the amounts of all gains and losses in a period that bypass the income statement but affect stockholders' equity. These amounts arise from such items as unrealized gains or losses on certain investments and unrealized gains and losses on certai
other comprehensive income
Corrections of accounting errors made in previous accounting periods. Companies correct such errors by making proper entries in the accounts and reporting the corrections in the financial statements (as an adjustment to the beginning balance of retained e
prior period adjustments
The extent to which earnings is useful to investors and creditors in making resource allocation decisions, generally in terms of predicting future earnings and cash flows. Thus, higher quality earnings exhibit higher levels of relevance and reliability. A
quality of earnings
Income statement format that consists of just two groupings: revenues and expenses. Expenses are deducted from revenues to arrive at net income or loss. Companies that use the single-step income statement in financial reporting typically do so because of
single-step income statement
One of the basic financial statements, which reports the changes in each stockholders' equity account and in total stockholders' equity during the year. It typically shows balances at the beginning of the period, additions and deductions, and balances at
statement of stockholders' equity
Method of income measurement that focuses on the income-related activities�revenue, expense, gain, and loss transactions�that have occurred during the period.
transaction approach
evaluate the past performance of the company, provide a basis for predicting future performance, help assess the risk or uncertainty of achieving future cash flows
What are some things that investors and creditors use the income statement information for?
companies omit items from the income statement that they cannot measure reliably; income numbers are affected by the accounting methods employed; income measurement involves judgement
What are some limitations of the Income Statement?
(1) Operating section, (a) Sales or Revenue Section, (b) Cost of Goods Sold Section, (c) Selling Expenses, (d) Administrative or General Expenses; (2) Nonoperating section, (a) Other Revenues and Gains, (b) Other Expenses and Losses; (3) Income tax; (4) D
What are the sections and subsections of a multiple-step income statement?
Recommended for manufacturing and merchanding companies - COGS, selling expenses, and administrative expenses
natural expense classification
Reccomended for retail stores - administrative, occupancy, publicity, buying, and selling expenses
functional expense classification
two important areas: what to include in income and how to report certain unusual or irregular items.
FASB developed specific guidelines in ___
only when gains or losses on discontinuted operations occur.
Companies use the phrase "Income from continuing operations" ___
Write-down or write-off receivables, inventories, equipment leased to others, deferred research and development costs, or other intangible assets; Gains or losses from exchange or translation of foreign currencies, including those relating to major devalu
What are several examples of gains and losses that do NOT qualify as extraordinary items?
If they resulted directly from a major casualty (such as an earthquake), an expropriation, or a prohibition under a newly enacted law or regulation
What are some example events that could constitute as an extraordinary gain or loss?
a company must consider the environment in which it operates.
In determining whether an item is extraordinary, ___
up or down to their market value at the end of each accounting period.
Accounting standards require that companies adjust most investments in stocks and bonds ____
trading securities must be reported as a unrealized gain or loss, while available-for-sale securities are reported as part of "Other comprehensive income
How are the different stocks and bonds reported?
bought and held primarily for sale in the near term to generate income on short-term price differences; goes in the other rev. and gains or other exp. and losses on the income statement
trading security
held with the intent of selling them sometime in the future, reported as "other comprehensive income" (which can be reported three different ways)
available-for-sale securities
They appear on the balance sheet (debit to retained earnings and credit to dividends payable), they are a distribution of corporate income, not a determinant of net income.
Where do dividends declared go; why?
Increases in the market value of assets held (such as plant assets, inventory, and most investments) are generally not recognized in the accounts until they are realized through the sale of the assets, therefore the market apreciation of an asset does not
Do market appreciations of assets show up on the income statement?
(1) investing and financing revenues and expenses such as interest revenue, dividend revenue (from dividends received), and interest expense, and the (2) results of nonoperating items such as the sale of plant assets and investments
What do "other revenues and gains" and "other expenses and losses" include?
calls for all irregular gains and losses and corrections of revenues and expenses of prior periods to be taken directly into the RE accounts, rather than reported in the current period's income statement
current operating performance concept
calls for all irregular gains and losses and corrections of revenues and expenses of prior periods to be reported in the current period's income statement
all-inclusive concept
GAAP requires this - correction of revenues and expenses of prior periods go directly to RE (along with the effect of prior periods of a change in accounting principle) and, with minor exceptions, all other items (such as unusual gains and losses, discont
modified all-inclusive approach
comprehensive income, such as gains and losses, that bypass net income but are included as part of comprehensive income
other comprehensive income
(1) in a separate (second) income statement, (2) in a combined statement of comprehensive income, or (3) as part of the statement of stockholders' equity
What three ways does the FASB require components of other comprehensive income to be reported?
Accumulated other comprehensive income, the accumulated other comprehensive income (if you choose to use this method) is reported in the stockholder's equity section of the balance sheet
What account is other comprehensive income closed to, and where is it reported?
income from operations.
In a multiple-step income statement, the excess of gross profit over operating expenses is called ___
An entry in the stockholders' equity section of the balance sheet that reports the cumulative amounts of Other Comprehensive Income. Other Comprehensive Income measures the amounts of all gains and losses in a period that bypass the income statement but a
accumulated other comprehensive income
A retained earnings account that is restricted for a specific use, usually to comply with contractual requirements, board of directors' policy, or current necessity
appropriated retained earnings
An income measurement approach in which a company determines income for the period based on the change in equity, after adjusting for capital contributions or distributions (dividends). An alternative to the transaction approach for income measurement
capital maintenance approach
Adjustments or changes that companies must make because financial circumstances did not turn out as expected. Companies account for changes in estimates in the period of change if they affect only that period, or in the period of change and future periods
changes in estimates
Income measure that includes all changes in equity during a period except those resulting from investments by owners and distributions to owners. Comprehensive income includes: all revenues and gains, expenses and losses reported in net income, and all ga
comprehensive income
Income-reporting approach that advocates reporting only regular and recurring revenue and expense elements, but not irregular items, in income.
current operating performance approach
Occurs for a company when two things happen: (1) a company eliminates the results of operations and cash flows of a component from its ongoing operations, and (2) there is no significant continuing involvement in that component after the disposal transact
discontinued operation
The planned timing of revenues, expenses, gains, and losses to smooth out bumps in earnings.e
earnings management
A distilled and important income figure, calculated as net income minus preferred dividends (income available to common stockholders), divided by the weighted average of common shares outstanding. Companies must disclose earnings per share on the face of
earnings per share (EPS)
Nonrecurring material items that differ significantly from a company's typical business activities. They are distinguished by their unusual nature and by the infrequency of their occurrence.
extraordinary items
The financial report that measures the success of company operations for a given period of time. It is also often called the statement of income or statement of earnings.
Income statement
Reporting of irregular items within an accounting period on the income statement or statement of retained earnings net of tax. Such allocation relates the income tax expense of the fiscal period to the specific items that give rise to the amount of the ta
intraperiod tax allocation
Income-statement components for which the FASB has established special reporting rules. These items fall into six general categories: (1) discontinued operations, (2) extraordinary items, (3) unusual gains and losses, (4) changes in accounting principle,
irregular items
Approach, adopted by the accounting profession, that dictates that companies record just about all items, including irregular ones, as part of net income, and that companies must highlight irregular items in the financial statements
modified all-inclusive concept
Income statement format that separates operating transactions from nonoperating transactions, and matches costs and expenses with related revenues. It highlights certain intermediate components of income that analysts use to compute ratios for assessing t
multiple-step income statement
Measure of the amounts of all gains and losses in a period that bypass the income statement but affect stockholders' equity. These amounts arise from such items as unrealized gains or losses on certain investments and unrealized gains and losses on certai
other comprehensive income
Corrections of accounting errors made in previous accounting periods. Companies correct such errors by making proper entries in the accounts and reporting the corrections in the financial statements (as an adjustment to the beginning balance of retained e
prior period adjustments
The extent to which earnings is useful to investors and creditors in making resource allocation decisions, generally in terms of predicting future earnings and cash flows. Thus, higher quality earnings exhibit higher levels of relevance and reliability. A
quality of earnings
Income statement format that consists of just two groupings: revenues and expenses. Expenses are deducted from revenues to arrive at net income or loss. Companies that use the single-step income statement in financial reporting typically do so because of
single-step income statement
One of the basic financial statements, which reports the changes in each stockholders' equity account and in total stockholders' equity during the year. It typically shows balances at the beginning of the period, additions and deductions, and balances at
statement of stockholders' equity
Method of income measurement that focuses on the income-related activities�revenue, expense, gain, and loss transactions�that have occurred during the period.
transaction approach
evaluate the past performance of the company, provide a basis for predicting future performance, help assess the risk or uncertainty of achieving future cash flows
What are some things that investors and creditors use the income statement information for?
companies omit items from the income statement that they cannot measure reliably; income numbers are affected by the accounting methods employed; income measurement involves judgement
What are some limitations of the Income Statement?
(1) Operating section, (a) Sales or Revenue Section, (b) Cost of Goods Sold Section, (c) Selling Expenses, (d) Administrative or General Expenses; (2) Nonoperating section, (a) Other Revenues and Gains, (b) Other Expenses and Losses; (3) Income tax; (4) D
What are the sections and subsections of a multiple-step income statement?
Recommended for manufacturing and merchanding companies - COGS, selling expenses, and administrative expenses
natural expense classification
Reccomended for retail stores - administrative, occupancy, publicity, buying, and selling expenses
functional expense classification
two important areas: what to include in income and how to report certain unusual or irregular items.
FASB developed specific guidelines in ___
only when gains or losses on discontinuted operations occur.
Companies use the phrase "Income from continuing operations" ___
Write-down or write-off receivables, inventories, equipment leased to others, deferred research and development costs, or other intangible assets; Gains or losses from exchange or translation of foreign currencies, including those relating to major devalu
What are several examples of gains and losses that do NOT qualify as extraordinary items?
If they resulted directly from a major casualty (such as an earthquake), an expropriation, or a prohibition under a newly enacted law or regulation
What are some example events that could constitute as an extraordinary gain or loss?
a company must consider the environment in which it operates.
In determining whether an item is extraordinary, ___
up or down to their market value at the end of each accounting period.
Accounting standards require that companies adjust most investments in stocks and bonds ____
trading securities must be reported as a unrealized gain or loss, while available-for-sale securities are reported as part of "Other comprehensive income
How are the different stocks and bonds reported?
bought and held primarily for sale in the near term to generate income on short-term price differences; goes in the other rev. and gains or other exp. and losses on the income statement
trading security
held with the intent of selling them sometime in the future, reported as "other comprehensive income" (which can be reported three different ways)
available-for-sale securities
They appear on the balance sheet (debit to retained earnings and credit to dividends payable), they are a distribution of corporate income, not a determinant of net income.
Where do dividends declared go; why?
Increases in the market value of assets held (such as plant assets, inventory, and most investments) are generally not recognized in the accounts until they are realized through the sale of the assets, therefore the market apreciation of an asset does not
Do market appreciations of assets show up on the income statement?
(1) investing and financing revenues and expenses such as interest revenue, dividend revenue (from dividends received), and interest expense, and the (2) results of nonoperating items such as the sale of plant assets and investments
What do "other revenues and gains" and "other expenses and losses" include?
calls for all irregular gains and losses and corrections of revenues and expenses of prior periods to be taken directly into the RE accounts, rather than reported in the current period's income statement
current operating performance concept
calls for all irregular gains and losses and corrections of revenues and expenses of prior periods to be reported in the current period's income statement
all-inclusive concept
GAAP requires this - correction of revenues and expenses of prior periods go directly to RE (along with the effect of prior periods of a change in accounting principle) and, with minor exceptions, all other items (such as unusual gains and losses, discont
modified all-inclusive approach
comprehensive income, such as gains and losses, that bypass net income but are included as part of comprehensive income
other comprehensive income
(1) in a separate (second) income statement, (2) in a combined statement of comprehensive income, or (3) as part of the statement of stockholders' equity
What three ways does the FASB require components of other comprehensive income to be reported?
Accumulated other comprehensive income, the accumulated other comprehensive income (if you choose to use this method) is reported in the stockholder's equity section of the balance sheet
What account is other comprehensive income closed to, and where is it reported?
income from operations.
In a multiple-step income statement, the excess of gross profit over operating expenses is called ___