Alkaline phosphate (ALP)
Bone metabolism marker
Anticitrullinated protein (Rheumatoid factor, or RF)
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
Calcium
Mineral calcium imbalance
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
General inflammation test
Fluorescent antinuclear antibody (ANA)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
Magnesium
Mineral magnesium imbalance
Synovial fluid analysis
Arthritis
Uric acid
Gout
Amylase, lipase
Pancreatitis
Carotene
Steatorrhea (malabsorption syndrome causing fatty stools)
Complete blood count (CBC)
Appendicitis
Gastrin
Gastric malignancy
Liver test, Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), Alanine aminotransferase (ALT), Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), y-Glutamyltransferase (GUT), Bilirubin, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAG), Hepatitis C antibody, patitis C virus by polymerase chain reaction, Ammo
Liver disease
Occult blood
Gastrointestinal bleeding
Ova and parasites (O & P)
Parasitic infection
Stool culture
Stool pathogens
Calcium
Parathyroid function
Catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine)
Adrenal function
Cortisol
Adrenal cortex function and Addison's disease
Fasting glucose or fasting blood sugar (FBS)
Diabetes mellitus
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), Testosterone
Infertility
Growth hormone (GH)
Pituitary function
Parathyroid hormone (PTH), Phosphorus, Vitamin D
Parathyroid function
T3, T4, and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis
Thyroid function studies
Thyroid disorder
Culture and sensitivity (C&S)
Bacterial or fungal infection
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) prep
Fungal infection
Skin biopsy
Malignancy
Aldolase, Aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Creatine kinase (CK-MM)
Muscle disease
CK isoenzymes (Ck-MM, CK-MB), Lactate dehydrogenase
Cardiac muscle disease
Myoglobin
Muscle damage
Cell count and differential, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis
Meningitis, other neurologic disorders
Creatine kinase CK isoenzymes (CK-BB), Culture and Gram's stain, Protein and glucose
Brain damage (causes elevations)
Culture and sensitivity (C & S)
Microbial infection
Estradiol
Assess ovarian or placental function
Estrogen
Assess ovarian function
Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test (FTA-ABS), Rapid plasma reagin (RPR)
Syphilis
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Assess for pregnancy or ectopic pregnancy
Pap smear
Cervical or vaginal carcinoma
Prostate-specific antigen (PSA)
Prostate cancer
Semen analysis
Infertility; assess effectiveness of vasectomy
Testosterone
Evaluation of testicular function
Arterial blood gases (ABGs): pH (acidity), Po2 (oxygen), Pco2 (carbon dioxide)
Most respiratory disorders; assess lung function
Cold agglutinims (test for antibodies that react with red blood cells at cold temperatures)
Atypical pneumonia
Electrolytes
Impaired gas exchange
Microbiologic test, Cultures, Throat swabs, Bronchial washings
Microbial infection--pneumonia or pharyngitis
Purified protein derivative (PPD)
Skin test for tuberculosis
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
Viral pneumonia
Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), Creatinine
Kidney disease
Creatinine clearance
Glomerular filtration
Culture and sensitivity (C & S)
Urinary tract infection (UTI)
Electrolytes, Osmolality
Fluid balance
Protein/microalbumin
Kidney disorders
Renin/angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
Hypertension
Routine urinalysis
Screening for renal or metabolic disorders
Hemophilias
APTT (Activated partial thromboplastin time) or prothrombin time (PT) and clotting factor activity (factor VIII activity)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DVT)
Fibrin degradation product (FDP), D-Dimer, Fibrinogen
Thrombocytopenia, Thrombosis or deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
CBC, Protein C, Protein S
Anemia
Reticulocyte count, Iron studies - ferritin and total iron-binding capacity(TIBC), Vitamin B12 and folate levels, CBC
Polycythemia
CBC
Sickle cell disease
Sickle cell solubility, Hemoglobin electrophoresis, CBC
Thalassemia
Hemoglobin electrophoresis, CBC
Bacterial Infection
CBC with differential, Bacterial cultures
HIV (Human immunodeficiency virus) infection
Anti-HIV antibody, Western blot, T-cell count - CD3, CD4 & CD8
Leukemia
CBC with differential, Cell marker studies
Mononucleosis
CBC, Monospot or heterophile antibody
homeostasis
maintenance of a constant internal environment (a steady state of good health)
hemostasis
process by which the body stops blood from leaking out of a wound
The functional unit of the nervous system is
neuron
ATP is found in which part of the cell?
mitrochondria
Which type of muscle tissue is involved in hemostasis?
smooth
Blood is considered to be which type of tissue?
connective
In which system does hematopoiesis occur?
skeletal
Which is not a lab test that assesses for disorders of the integumentary system?
BUN
Hepatitis involves the
liver
Which lab test is not useful in the assessment of liver problems?
AST, GGT, ALP
____ promotes the breakdown of glycogen back to glucose.
glucagon
Pancreatitis can be screened for by performing which lab test?
amylase
The functional unit of the kidney is known as the
nephron
Microbiology may perform the following lab test for urologic disorders:
C&S
ABGs typically test for
respiratory disorders
The hormone that regulates the amount of calcium and phosphorus in the circulation is
parathyroid hormone
Which hormone regulates water reabsorption by the kidney?
ADH
The hormone that can be detected by early pregnancy tests is
HCG
Thyroxine is otherwise known as
T4
Hormones are produced by which body system
endocrine
Four basic types of tissues that compose the human body
Epithelial (lining of gut, surface of the eye)
Muscle (Heart)
Nerve (Neurons, spinal cord)
Connective (Bone, blood)
Nucleus
contains DNA
Plasma membrane
regulates the flow of materials in and out of the cell
Mitochondria
power plants" of the cell
Cytoplasm
cellular material
Describe the anatomical position
it is when the body is erect, facing forward, arms at the sides and palms foward
What are body cavities?
body cavities are spaces within the body that contain major organs
_____ is a bone infection that can be caused by improper phlebotomy technique.
Osteomyelitis
What are the divisions of the CNS?
the brain and the spinal cord
What does the endocrine system do?
It maintains homeostasis in conjunction with the nervous system by producing hormones.
In the circulatory system, gas exchange occurs in the
capillaries
Which blood vessels are a single cell in thickness?
capillaries
Veins and arteries are composed of how many layers?
3
A characteristic of arteries is
they have a thick muscle layer lining the lumen
An average adult has ____ L of blood.
5 to 6
Plasma constitutes ____ % of total blood volume.
55
Another name for a WBC is
leukocyte
The main function of leukocytes is to
protect the body against infection
Which leukocyte is known as a phagocyte?
neutrophil
Platelets remain in the circulation for
9 to 12 days
Which cellular component is responsible for the transport of hemoglobin?
RBCs
Which lab test does not assist in diagnosing HIV infection?
APTT
A group of inherited disorders marked by increased bleeding times is known as a
helphilias
Which organ is not included in the lymphatic system?
liver
Helper T cells are needed to make
antibodies
Describe the different functions of the circulatory system.
The circulatory system transports blood containing oxygen and nutrients throughout the body and picks up metabolic waste products for disposal.
Discuss the difference between pulmonary and systemic circulation
Pulmonary circulation carries blood between the heart and the lungs for gas exchange, whereas systemic circulation carries blood between the heart and the rest of the body.
Explain the functional difference between veins and arteries
Veins carry blood toward the heart; arteries carry blood away from the heart.
Name the four valves of the heart
atrioventricular, pulmonary semilunar, bicuspid and aortic semilunar
Contraction of the heart is known as _____, and relaxation is known as _____.
systole, diastole
Name the three surrounding layers surrounding the lumen of veins and arteries
tunica adventitia, media and intima
The yellow liquid portion of whole blood, containing fibrinogen, is known as _____.
plasma
The formed elements constitute ____ % of blood volume.
45%
What is the role of a phagocyte?
It attacks and digests bacteria
Which type of lymphocyte produces antibodies?
B cells
Describe the two pathways of coagulation cascade.
The extrinsic pathway begins with the release of tissue factor by endothelial cells. The intrinsic pathway begins when the plasma coagulation factors contact materials exposed when blood vessels are damaged.
Define and give examples of autoimmunity?
Autoimmunity is an attack by the immune system on the body's own tissues. (Rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myasthenia gravis, and multiple sclerosis)
Describe the lymph organs and their functions. Give one lymphatic system disorder and explain the due process
The lymph organs include lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, the spleen, the thymus and the thoracic and right lymphatic ducts. Lymphedema is one lymphatic disorder; it constitutes an accumulation of fluid blocking a lymphatic vessel. Lymphoma is another diso
Name the types of immunity, how they differ and how they are similar.
Nonspecific and specific immunity. Nonspecific immunity refers to the defense against infectious agents independent of the specific chemical markers on their surfaces. Nonspecific immunity encourages inflammation and phagocytosis. Specific immunity involv
Explain the function of enzymes in the coagulation process.
In the coagulation process, enzymes enter the common pathway, reacting with factors X and V to convert circulating inactive prothrombin to active thrombin.