46
Human diploid number
23
Human haploid number
Cell cycle
G1: cell growth, S: DNA replication, G2: more cell growth, M: mitosis/meiosis, Cytokinesis
Somatic (body) cells
all cells other than reproductive cells, duplicate using mitosis
Gametes
sex cells, reproduce using meiosis
Homologous chromosomes
chromosomes that carry the same genes
Polar bodies
small cells that get rid of extra chromosomes during oogenesis
Alleles
alternate forms of a gene (ex. Blue eye gene, green eye gene, & brown eye gene)
Crossing over
exchange of genetic information between homologous chromosomes (non-sister chromatids) during meiosis I
Meiosis
sexual reproduction of cells, results in genetic variation
Mitosis
asexual reproduction of cells, results in identical cells
Binary fission
form of asexual reproduction for single celled organisms
independent assortment
how chromosomes are divided into cells (like grabbing random crayons)
Fertilization
union of male and female gametes
Poly-x female
females with more than two X chromosomes, tall and thin, some have motor and language delays
Spermatogenesis
process of testes that creates sperm (four total by the end)
Oogenesis
process of ovaries that creates eggs (only one by the end)
Nondisjunction
gain or loss of chromosomes
Turner syndrome
females with only one X chromosome, seen as XO. Short stature, ovaries are underdeveloped, don't menstruate, breasts do not develop. Normal intelligence and lives w/ hormone supplements
Differences between mitosis and meiosis
Meiosis divides twice, creates different daughter cells, and is sexual reproduction. Mitosis divides once, creates identical daughter cells, and is asexual reproduction.
Zygote
fertilized egg cell
Changes in chromosome structure
deletion (gets deleted), duplication (duplicates), inversion (piece of chromosome is turned), & translocation (piece breaks off and reattaches to another chromosome)
synapsis
Pairing of homologous chromosomes
Karyotype
A picture of all the chromosomes in a cell arranged in pairs
Independent assortment and crossing over
What are two types of genetic variation