What are the three states of matter?
-solids
-liquids
-gases
what are the particles like in a solid?
-particles touching
-don't move (vibrate)
-no energy
what are the particles like in a liquid?
-all touching
-flow to fill space
-some energy
what are he particles like in a gas?
-particles far apart
-move freely
-high level or energy
Solid -> Liquid
Melting (add heat/energy)
Liquid -> Solid
Freezing (remove heat/energy)
Gas -> Liquid
Condensing (remove heat/energy)
Liquid -> Gas
Evaporation (add heat/energy)
What is dilution?
A substance put in a solvent to reduce its concentration
What is diffusion?
The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
What is an experiment to show diffusion?
1. Bydrochloric acid is plaved at one wnd of a tube and ammonia solution at the other
2.Leave for a period of time and where hey meet a white ring of ammonium chloride will appear (closer to hcl as ammonia diffuses quickeras particles are lighter)
What is an experiment to show dilution?
1.put a coloured substance in a solvent e.g food colohring in water
2.Leave for a whike and the colour will level out but is weaker than the original colour (shows dilution)
How do you speed up dilution?
Heat- makes particles move faster
What is an atom?
Made up to nucleus and orbits with electrons on
What is a molecule?
2 or more atoms bonded together
What is an element?
a Substance that contains only ONE type of atom
What is a compound?
Atoms from different elements bonded together
What is a mixture?
Different elements not bonded
What are the 5 separation techniques?
-filtration
-distilation
-fractional distillation
-crystallisation
-chromatography
What is filtration?
The use of a barrier which only one component can pass through amd the other cant
What is distillation?
One substance is evaportated off
What is fractional distillation?
when crude oil is separated into substances with similar boiling points/fractions (each part condeses at different points)
What is crystallization?
A solution is warmed allowing the solvent to evaporate, the solution is tren left to cool and form crystals
What is chromatography?
Chromatoqraphy paper is placed in a substance, the dofferent components rise at different speeds due to particle size
example of chomatograph
-the number of peaks =the number of compounds present in the mixture
-the higher the peak the more of the substance there is
-the shape can be compared with the shape of a lnow subtanec to identify it
RF value equation
distance moved by compound/distance moved by solvent
What does group number represent?
numbed of electrons in outer shell
What does period number represent?
number of shells
Periodic table
Metals and non metals on the periodic table
-metals= conductors, form alkalinr metal oxides
-non metals= dont conduct, form acidiv nonmetal oxides