litotes
a figure of speech which employs an understatement by using double negatives or, in other words, positive statement is expressed by negating its opposite expressions.
For example, using the expression "not too bad" for "very good" is an understatement as
metonymy
a thing refers to something it's closely associated with, but not a part signifies the whole (example: nice kicks referring to shoes, you kick with your feet)
apostrophe
person addresses object or something that is not there in person
synecdoche
part represents the whole
idiosyncrasy
a mode of behavior or way of thought particular to an individual
symbol
an object that represents, stands for, or suggests an idea, visual image, belief, action, or material entity
analogy
a comparison between two things, typically on the basis of their structure and for the purpose of explanation or clarification.
lie
intransitive (no direct object), can't replace with put
lay
transitive (direct object), can replace with put
coordinating conjuction
FANBOYS (for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so)
comma before
conjuctive adverbs
however, moreover, therefore, indeed, rather, instead
; conjuctive adverb ,
subordinating conjunctions
whereas, while, when, since, despite, so that, as, because
no punctuation unless subordinating clause begins sentence (While Timmy likes chips, Tina likes popcorn)
who vs. whom
who= he or she, whom= him or her
indefinite pronouns: always singular
another, anybody, everybody, everyone, neither, nobody, no one, nothing, one, someone, somebody, something
indefinite pronouns: always plural
both, many
restrictive clause
an adjective clause that is essential to the meaning of a sentence because it limits the thing it refers to. The meaning of the sentence would change if the clause were deleted: not set off by commas