International Phonetic Alphabet
-an alphabet of sound or phonemes developed through the cooperative efforts of some of the world's leading linguistic scholars.
-almost universally used today in serious works on pronunciation, in speech courses and in pronouncing dictionaries.
Importance of IPA
-it has a set of symbols by means of which the important sound of English can be represented. There is a symbol for every sound and no more than one symbol for any sound.
-relatively smaller number of vowel symbols, one for each of the fundamental English
Imitation
-the fundamental method by which one learns to speak English
-to be a successful imitator, one has to depend largely on the sharpness of his ear and his ability to imitate correctly
Producing sounds correctly
-eye is more analytical than the ear
-the reason for transcriptions
-ability to imitate - acquire good accent
-knowledge and the number and identity of the English sounds, symbol used to represent them in phonetic writing, the way in which they are produc
Phoneme
-sound
-show contrast
Morpheme
-words
Grapheme
-letters
Phonetics
-analyzing or describing how the sound is produced
-analysis of the sound
-came before phonology
-the early linguists were just studying sounds and not the contrast of sounds
/p/
-stop-plosives
BILABIAL - point of articulation
STOP - manner of articulation
VOICELESS - voicing
(upper lip and lower lip)
/b/
-stop-plosives
BILABIAL - point of articulation
STOP - manner of articulation
VOICED - voicing
Phonology
-came into being as a science in the 1930's
-it started as a science but leaned heavily on the findings of phonetics which is why phonology goes side by side with phonetics
-study of the sound contrast/distinctive sound contracts
VOCOIDS
/�/
/o/
/?/
CONTOIDS
/p/
/f/
/k/
MINIMAL PAIRS
Time-Lime
(T-L are phonemes)
-only one sound that shows contrast
-environment is the same
-minimal pairs determine phoneme or not
Distinction/Distribution of Phonemes
Initial position
Middle position
Final position
Initial position
(Distinction/Distribution of Phonemes)
cat
pat
Middle position
(Distinction/Distribution of Phonemes)
meat
mate
Final position
(Distinction/Distribution of Phonemes)
kit
kill
Two Structures of Language Operation
Structure of Expression
Structure of Content
Expression
(Structure of Language Operation)
-sounds you hear which are highly organized, systematized, arranged, in hierarchical order and understandable to the members of a particular speech community.
Content
(Structure of Language Operation)
-meaning of the expression
Three Major Dimensions of Classifying Consonants
Place of Articulation
Manner of Articulation
Voicing
Place of Articulation
(Dimensions of Classifying Consonants)
-a dimension which specifies where in the vocal tract the constriction is.
Manner of Articulation
(Dimensions of Classifying Consonants)
-how narrow constriction is.
-whether air is flowing through nose
-whether tongue is dropped down on one side.
Voicing
(Dimensions of Classifying Consonants)
-a parameter which specifies whether the vocal folds are vibrating
Points of Articulation
Bilabial
Labiodental
Dental
Alveolar
Post Alveolar
Retroflex
Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Bilabial
(Points of Articulation)
-lower and upper lips approach each other
Ex. /p/, /b/, /m/
/w/ - lip rounding and approaching each other
Labiodental
(Points of Articulation)
-lower lip approaches or touches the upper teeth
Ex. /f/ and /v/
Dental
(Points of Articulation)
-the tip or blade of the blade of the tongue approaches or touches the upper teeth
Ex. /?/, /?/
Alveolar
(Points of Articulation)
-tongue tip approaches or touches the alveolar ridge (immediately behind upper teeth)
Ex. /t/, /d/, /n/ - stops
/s/, /z/, /l/ - fricatives
Post Alveolar
(Points of Articulation)
-construction is made immediately behind the alveolar ridge
-tip/blade of toungue
Ex. /S/, /?/ - fricatives
/tS/, /d?/ - affricates
Retroflex
(Points of Articulation)
-tongue tip is curled backward in the mouth
Ex. /r/
Palatal
(Points of Articulation)
-body of the tongue approaches or touches the ahrd palate
Ex. /j/
Velar
(Points of Articulation)
-body of tongue approaches or touches the hard palate
Ex. /k/, /g/, /?/
Sound of x = /?ks/, /?gs/
Glottal
(Points of Articulation)
-opening between vocal folds
-opening becomes narrow forming the sound /h/, create turbulence in the airstream flowing past the vocal folds
Ex. /h/ - glottal fricative
Manner of Articulation
Stops
Fricatives
Approximants
Affricates
Laterals
Stops
(Manner of Articulation)
-stop consonant, cuts off airflow through mouth
Ex. /t/, /d/
-forming contoid /n/, air flows through nose but no through mouth
Types of Stops
Nasal Stops
Oral Stops
Nasal Stops
(Types of Stops)
-also called NASALS
-like /n/, which involves airflow in the nose
Oral Stops
(Types of Stops)
-also called PLOSIVES
-like /t/, /d/, which do not involve airflow in the nose
Fricatives
(Manner of Articulation)
-tongue tip approaches the alveolar ridge, but doesn't quite touch it
-articulators involved in the constriction approach get close enough to each to create a turbulent airstream (hissing sounds)
Ex. /f/, /v/, /?/, /?/, /s/, /z/, /S/, /?/
Approximants
(Manner of Articulation)
-articulators involved in the constriction are further apart
-not even close enough to cause the air passing between them to become turbulent
Ex. /w/, /j/, /r/, /l/
Affricates
(Manner of Articulation)
-single sound composed of a stop portion and a fricative portion
-airflow is first interrupted by a stop similar to /t/
Ex. /tS/, /S/, /d?/
Laterals
(Manner of Articulation)
-single sound composed of a stop portion and a fricative portion
-airflow is first interrupted by a stop similar to /t/
Ex. /l/