anthropomorphism
a device in which the writer attributes human characteristics to an animate being or an inanimate object
anxiety of influence
literary critic Harold Bloom's theory that poets struggle against the earlier influences of a previous generation of poets
apostrophe
a turn from the general audience to address a specific group of persons
dactyl
a metrical foot of three syllables in which the first is stressed and the next two are unstressed
dialogic
a literary theory term that advances the idea that works of literature carry on a dialogue with other works of literature and other authors
archaic diction
old-fashioned words that are no longer used in common speech. e.g. thee, thy, thus
colloquialisms
expressions that are usually accepted in informal situations or regions such as "wicked awesome
doublespeak
language that intentionally distorts or disguises meaning
epithet
a descriptive phrase or word frequently used to characterize a person or thing. e.g. the father of psychology (Sigmund Freud)
euphemism
a word or phrase that substitutes for an offensive or suggestive one. e.g. "lost their lives" instead of killed
iambic
unstressed, stressed
trochaic
stressed, unstressed
anapestic
unstressed, unstressed, stressed
monometer
one foot
dimeter
two feet
trimeter
three feet
tetrameter
four feet
pentameter
five feet
frame story
a literary device in which a story is enclosed in another story
hermeneutics
the art and science of text interpretation
malapropism
a type of pun or play on words that results when two words become mixed up in the speaker's mind
monologic
a literary theory in which literature is viewed as transmitting an author's message
spondee
a metrical foot consisting of two syllables, both of which are stressed
vernacular
language spoken by people who live in a particular region
limerick
a humorous verse form of 5 anapestic lines with a rhyme scheme of aabba
pastoral
a poem that depicts life in an idyllic, idealized way
sonnet
a 14 line poem usually written in iambic pentameter with a varied rhyme scheme
homer
author of the Iliad
sophocles
author of Oedipus
Virgil
author of The Aenid
Ovid
author of Metamorphoses
Plato
author of The Republic
Dante
author of Inferno
Shikubu
author of The Tale of Genji
petrarch
author of Canozoniere
Martin Luther
author of Speech at the Diet of the Worms
de Cervante
author of Don Quixote
voltaire
author of Candide
dostoevsky
author of Crime and Punishment
tolstoy
author of War and Peace
James Joyce
author of Dubliners
Kafka
author of The Metamorphosis
Chinua Achebe
author of Things Fall Apart
chaucer
author of The Canterbury Tales
christopher marlowe
author of Doctor Faustus
Spenser
author of The Faerie Queene
Milton
author of Paradise Lost
Alexander Pope
author of The Rape of the Lock (a mock epic)
Keats
a romantic poet who wrote The Eve of St. Agnes, Ode to a Grecian Urn, and On First Looking into Chapman's Homer
Wordsworth
a romantic poet who wrote Lyrical Ballads
Coleridge
a romantic poet who wrote The Rime of the Ancient Mariner and Kubla Khan
charles dickens
author of Great Expectations
charlotte bronte
author of Jane Eyre
oscar wilde
author of The Importance of Being Earnest
carroll
author of Alice in Wonderland
bunyan
author of The Pilgrim's Process, a puritan period piece of American Literature
naturalism
a literary movement that claimed to portray life exactly as if it were being examined through a scientist's microscope. e.g. Theodore Dreiser, Jack London, and John Steinbeck
transcendentalism
a movement in the romantic tradition that advanced the idea that every individual can reach ultimate truths through spiritual intuition. e.g. Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David Thoreau
bloom's taxonomy
knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation
activating prior knowledge
using a concrete experience or object, pretesting, discussions, anticipation guides
metacognition
a person's ability to think about his or her own thinking and regulate his or her own thinking
SQ3R
a note taking method (survey, question, read, recite, review)
anticipation guide
provides students with an opportunity to respond to and discuss a series of open0ended questions or opinion questions that address various themes, vocabulary words, and concepts that will appear in an upcoming text
semantics
the study of the meaning in language
pragmatics
the role of context in interpreting meaning
psycholinguistics
the study of language as it relates to the psychological and neurobiological factors that enable humans to learn language
etymology
the study of the history and origin of words
simple sentence
a sentence with only one independent clause and no dependent clauses. e.g. My dog growls.
complex sentence
a sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
compound/complex sentence
a sentence with two or more independent classes and one or more dependent clauses
gerund phrase
a phrase made up of a present participle (a verb ending in -ing) and always functions as a noun
connotation
refers to the associations that are connected to a certain word or the emotional suggestions related to that word
denotation
the literal or primary meaning of a word, in contrast to the feelings or ideas that the word suggests
subject writing
students write interviews, accounts, profiles, or descriptions to capture the meaning of the subject being written about
expository
speech or written form in which one explains or describes
erik erikson
eight stages of human development
lawrence kohlberg
idea of moral development
abraham maslow
came up with the hierarchy of needs
jean piaget
came up with the stages of cognitive development
B.F. Skinner
responsible for the theory of operant conditioning
Lev Vygotsky
idea of zone of proximal development
Howard Gardner
idea of multiple intelligences
Nitza Hidalgo
three levels of culture
Luis Moll
funds of knowledge
informal assessments
techniques include observation, checklists, homework checks, and class and group participation
formal assessments
techniques include quizzes, tests, projects, and norm-referenced testing. also known as traditional assessments