Chapter 16 Key Terms

bhakti

Hindu devotional movement that flourished in the early modern era, emphasizing music, dance, poetry, and rituals as means by which to achieve union with divine

Catholic Counter-Reformation

An internal reform of the Catholic Church in the 16th century; thanks especially to the work of the Council of Trent, Catholic leaders clarified doctrines, corrected abuses and corruption, and put a new emphasis on education and accountability

Condorcet and Idea of progress

A French philosopher and mathematician who argued that human affairs were moving into an era of near-infinite improvability, with slavery, racism, tyranny, and other human trials swept away by the triumph of reason

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish mathematician and astronomer who was the first to argue for the existence of a heliocentric cosmo

Council of Trent

main instrument of the Catholic Counter-Reformation, through which the Catholic Church clarified doctrines and corrected abuses

Charles Darwin

English biologist whose theory of natural selection continues to be seen as a threat to revealed religious truth

Deism

Belief in divine being who created the cosmos but who doesn't intervene directly in human affairs

Edict of Nantes

Issued in 1598 by French King Henry IV that granted considerable religious toleration to French Protestants and ended the French Wars of Religion

European Enlightenment

European intellectual movement of 18th century that applied lessons of scientific revolution to human affairs and was noted for its commitment to open-mindedness and inquiry and to the belief that knowledge could transform human society

Sigmund Freud

Austrian doctor and father of modern psychoanalysis; his theories about the operation of the human mind and emotions remain influential today

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer who further developed the ideas of Copernicus and whose work was eventually surpressed by the Catholic Church

Huacas

Local gods of the Andes

Huguenots

Protestant minority in France

Jesuits in China

series of Jesuit missionaries in late 16th and 17th century who, inspired by the works of Matteo Ricci, made extraordinary efforts to understand and become a part of Chinese culture in their efforts to convert the Chinese elite to Christianity, although w

kaozheng

Literally "research based on evidence," Chinese intellectual movement whose practitioners emphasized the importance of evidence and analysis, applied especially to historical documents

Martin Luther

German priest and theologian who inaugrated the Protestan Reformation movement in Europe

Karl Marx

German philosopher whose view of human history as a class struggle formed the basis of socialism

Mirabei

One of India's most beloved bhakti poets, she helped break down barriers of caste and tradition

Guru Nanak

The founder of Sikhism

Isaac Newton

English natural scientist whose formulation of the laws of motion and mechanics is regarded as the culmination of the Scientific Revolution

Ninety-Five Theses

List of 95 depating points about the abuses of the Church, posted by Martin Luther on the door of a church; the Church's strong reaction eventuall drove Luther to separate from Catholic Christianity

Protestant Reformation

schism within Christianity that began with Martin Luther; while the leaders of the movement claimed that they sought to "reform" a church that had fallen from biblical practice, in reality the movement was radically innovative in its challenge to church a

Matteo Ricci

most famous Jesuit missionary in China in early modern period; active in China from 1582-1610

Scientific Revolution

European intellectual and cultural transformation that was based on the principles of the scientific method

Sikhism

religious tradition of northern India founded by Guru Nanak; combines elements of Hinduism and Islam and proclaims the brotherhood of all humans and the equality of men and women

Society of Jesus

Jesuits", Catholic religious society was founded to encourage renewal of Catholicism through education and preaching; it became leading Catholic missionary order beyond borders of Europe

Taki Onqoy

dancing sickness", a religious revival movement in central Peru in 1560s whose members preached the imminent destruction of Christianity and of Europeans in favor of renewed Andean golden Age

Thirts Years' War

Highly destructive war that eventually included most of Europe; fought for the most part between protestants and Catholics, conflict ended with Peace of Westphalia

Voltaire

Pen name of French philosopher, whose work is often taken as a model of Enlightenment questioning of traditional values and attitudes; noted for deism and criticism of established religion

Wahhabi Islam

Major islamic movement led by Muslim theologian Abd-Al-Wahhab that advocated an austere lifestyle and strict adherence to the Sharia (Islamic law)

Wang Yangming

Chinese Philosopher who argued that it ws possible to achieve a virtuous life by introspection, without the extensive education prescribed by traditional Confucianism