What are the similarities and differences between the Aztec and Incan societies in how they developed their empires and systems of communication?
Incan:
- No market economy: not many merchants and artisans
- Not allowed to be independent merchants since long distance ;
trade controlled the government.
- Less skilled craftspeople than Mexica/Eastern hemisphere
- Priests and other high class members
How was Japanese society during the Tokugawa period structured? What were the major social and political roles?
Tokugawa period = Edo period (shogun rule)
Social Order (top to bottom)
- Emperor
- Supreme Military Commander
- Daimyo and Shogun
- Sumurai warriors (the roles of the samurai was to protect the
kingdom from attackers).- ruling class
- Peasants.
- Merchan
What was the early political organization of Bantu societies based on?
The Bantu's society was organized language, and how linguistic they were.
Kinship or clans (extended families living and dead)
Some kinships combined into tribes with chief
Evolved from matrilineal (early) to patrilineal (later)
Were Andean South America and Africa primarily monotheistic or polytheistic prior to contact with Europeans?
Polytheistic
Before Europeans started converting them to Christianity
What was the primary reason for the creation of the Council of Trent?
To direct the catholic reform from 1545-1563
Refute the beliefs of the Protestants
What is Peter the Great most known for?
Westernization of Russia when he started military, bureaucratic and social reform (e.g. St. Petersburg)
More interested in technology (i.e. shipbuilding and navigation) than politics during his youth
Took his sister's place as tsar in 1689.
Compare the colonization efforts of the British, French, and Spanish in the new World.
British:
Settlement: Colonies Established by Royal Charter
Population: Farmers, Artisans, Tradesmen
Government: Local governments
Religion: Largely non-Catholics
Economy: Diverse
Population: Rapid growth
Relations with Indians: Started Friendly - Greed fo
What are the similarities and differences between the Ottomans, Tokugawa Japan, and Ming/Qing China?
All enjoyed individual trading
Ming/Qing isolated themselves
Responded to other religions differently:
- Ottomans were intolerant and grew tolerant
- Tokugawa & Ming/Qing orignally allowed Christians, then banished them
What were some of the major impacts of the Atlantic Slave Trade?
Africa:
Depopulation (mostly men)
Violence (to avoid slavery) Guns were introduced
Economy - some trade stopped within Africa, became more reliant on European traders. Lost male workers
Racism
Europe:
Economics: huge profits from slave trade; boosted ship
How would you characterize Europe during the period of 1450-1750?
Trade - crossing of the Pacific Ocean.
New maritime technologies
Global Interactions
Major Maritime Empires (Portugal, Spain, France, England)
Major Gunpower Empires (the Ottoman, Ming and Qing China, the Mughal, Russia,
Tokugawa, Songhay (Songhai), and B
What was the result of European contact with Sub-Saharan Africa?
African slave trade
Mostly economic impact
Before Europeans, mostly in East Africa (vs. West Africa)
Numbers of slaves taken increased dramatically when Europeans began taking slaves to work on their plantations (especially sugar) in the New World
Which region of the world had the most political and cultural power after the year 1450 and why?
China and Asia had the most political and cultural power after 1450, because the Europeans were suffering from the Bubonic plague
Who took the early lead in Western Exploration?
The Portuguese (navigation)
What was the result of the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas?
Split new land between the Spanish and the Portuguese
Portugal attempted to find a direct water route to the India and China. By using a direct water route, Arab merchants, who owned land trade routes, were not able to make a profit off of the European tr
What products of the Columbian Exchange are associated with the Old and New World?
Old World:
- Coffee bean
- Citris fruits, grape, peach, pear, banana
- Olive
- Sugar cane, honey bee
- Onion, Turnip
- Grains (wheat, rice, barley, oats)
- Livestock (cattle, sheep, pig, horse)
- Disease (smallpox, malaria, diphtheria, influenza, fyphus,
Across the world, what was the impact of the introduction of American food crops?
- Population growth and stability (people could specialize in one job/task) in Europe and Africa
Introduced tomatoes, pumpkins, peppers, corn, and potatoes
Which of the colonies in the Americas most closely mirrored the world of Western Europe in its values and institutions?
- The colonies of the Portuguese and the Spanish in South America
- Just like Europe, they had church spires, the same languages of Europe in the cities, and urban districts.
What is the correct chronology of various cultural processes (like the Scientific Revolution, Renaissance, Enlightenment, and Protestant Reformation) that transformed Europe from 1400-1750?
Renaissance (started in 1350)
Protestant Reformation (started in 1517)
Scientific Revolution (started in 1543)
Enlightenment (started in 1700)
What best explains the support Luther got from the princes of the Holy Roman Empire?
Attacked idea of indulgences (money), gaining support of lower class (rather than the church).
Decided to support secular (princes) rather than peasants
Diminished power of the Pope and Church, which strengthended the power of the prince's within their na
As part of the Catholic Reformation, what reforms were instituted, including new religious orders, etc. by the Catholic Church?
Council of Trent
Society of Jesus (Jesuits)
- power of Priest to offer forgiveness
What did the Enlightenment Deists believe? What metaphor did they use to describe God's role in the world?
Prayer
Direct divine guidance
Revelation
Miracles
Reason was a gift from God
Metaphor: "Clockmaker" (Created Universe, then left it to run on it's own)
What are the characteristics of absolute and constitutional monarchs? Who are the best examples of constitutional and absolute monarchs during the years 1450-1750?
Absolute Monarchy:
- Sole political power with no constitutional limits
- France, Spain, Austria, Prussia, Russia (1600s, 1700s)
- "Divine right of kings" - power from God
- Not elected
- King Louis XIV and XIII (France)
- Peter the Great (Peter I) (Russi
What were the basic beliefs and principles of Enlightenment thinkers regarding politics, social relationships, economics, etc.?
human life could be changed through the scientific revolution
rational analysis of human behavior and institutions
natural laws of the universe (Galileo)
natural law of politics (John Locke)
natural law of economics (Adam Smith)
abandoned Aristotelian phi
Ivan the Great believed that Moscow was the "Third Rome". What does this mean? Who were the first and second "Romes"?
First Rome - City of Rome "capital of the civilized world"
- Rome imprisoned by devil due to heresy
Second Rome = Constantinople (formerly Byzantium)
- Split into Byzantine and Western Roman Empire
- In some ways a continuation of Rome
- Constantinople fe
How did Europeans acquire most of their slaves they transported to the New World?
Europeans merchants traded with African slave owners: firearms, horses and other manufactured goods
Europeans merchants sold the slaves for 2 or 3 times what they paid, or for sugar/molasses
Africans captured slaves to sell (stole from families, etc)
Forc
What's the best explanation for the high volume of the slave trade to the Caribbean and Brazil? In other words, an increase in the demand/production of what product fueled this demand ... and/or what demographic trend regarding slaves that "lived" in thes
80% of slaves shipped over Atlantic went to Carribean & Brazil
Brazil became wealthiest sugar-producer in western hemisphere, so needed many slaves
Slaves in Caribbean and Brazil died, so they needed to have a continual, large supply of slaves brought the
Describe the Triangle Trade system of the Atlantic Ocean Basin. What products were associated with each leg of the route in exchange for what?
- American goods like sugar, tobacco and silver sol to Europeans. - Europeans traded gun,textiles,and other manufactured good for slaves in africa, then brought the slaves and some manufactured goods in exchange for sugar, tobacco and silver.
How can you account for the rapidly expanding centralized states in sub-Saharan Africa after contact with Europeans took place?
Europeans colonized sub saharan Africa
They saw their colonies as a direct source to the goods they had been trading for decades and as a way to grow their empires.
How was succession handled in the Ottoman Empire? Was this successful for them or not?
Killed all the newly born male relatives of sultans.
This turned back on them because soon after all the rivals were imprisoned for life for this.
Still able to produce effective leaders until the late Middle Ages and develop a comprehensive government po
What were some of the policies the Japanese adopted and enforced once they closed their doors in the 1600s?
forbade going abroad on pain of death
prohibited the construction of large ships
expelled europeans
no foreign trading with japan
What were the characteristics of resistance to slavery in the New World? How widespread was resistance?
Slow Working
Disrespect
Negotiating hard labor and theft
Sabatoge equipment or work routines
Running away
Revolt - organized armed rebellions
Review the major world religions we've studied up to this point: geographic and spiritual origins, where they spread to, founders, names of God/gods, texts/scriptures, symbols associated with each, codes of conduct, spiritual goals, methods of conversion,
Buddhism:
500 B.C.E.
4 Noble Truths
Buddha was Saddhartha Guatama
Spread from India to China
Hinduism:
1500 B.C.E.
Mostly Indian religion
No single founder, scripture
No agreed set of teachings
4 gods
Daoism:
Yin-Yang
Laozi (founder)
Dao means "the way, p
Review the features of the classical societies, including the reason(s) for their collapse. What are each of the classical societies culturally known for?
Persia
- Tolerant rulers: allowed conquered people to keep own languages, religions, and laws
- Artisans built city of Persepolis = most magnificent city in the empire
- Big network of roads: allowed for trade
Collapse: Differences between Persians and it
Describe the nature of and characteristics of Indian Ocean trade from 600-1450.
Linked China, India, Southeast Asia, Arabia and East Africa
Cities located strategically grew
Volume increased as a result of decline of overland routes
Safe environment for markets, welcomed all merchants, and charged reasonable fees
Magnetic compass spr
What are some of the New World labor systems and social classes that emerged after the linking of the hemispheres?
trading of people to do work for others (slaves).
- mines
- plantations
Encomienda (natives worked for rights, potection, and gods)
Hacienda: estate/land grant for miners
Mita: natives worked a # of days annually, or a labor pool
Engenho (Brazil)
Indentur
How are Japanese and European feudalism alike and different?
Social classes were basically alike (slaves, peasants, ladies and lords - knights - and other nobles, and the king or queen).
Hired warriors to protect the lord's land
Different names for the classification of people
Japanese: viewed ruler as a god
Europe
what was the impact of the advent of agriculture?
Increased Population
- allowed people to settle down rather than hunt and gather all over
- allowed larger families to be created in order to maintain the and take care of the new farms being created all over because of agriculture.
Urbanization
Social st
What's the difference between monotheism and polytheism?
Monotheism: one god
Polytheism: many gods
The rise of codified law, like Hammurabi's Code/Laws, represents the need for what in a complex society?
The laws of action and reaction.
Punishment
Why did it take so long for trade and communication networks to penetrate sub-Saharan Africa?
Saharan desert - limited ways to get to sub-saharan Africa
What did the Portuguese have to have knowledge of before they could effectively begin exploration?
compass and the astrolabe for navigation.
knowledge of the rudder to increase maneuverability and different types of sails to catch different winds.
What enabled the Bantu people to spread through sub-Saharan Africa?
Agricultural surplus
caused them to move inward away from river because of flooding at there were mosqitos by the rivers which carried malaria
Many people say that "modern" history begins about 1500 (or the late 1400s). Why is that so? What's the event and process that started around this time that makes the most sense for supporting this claim?
The Reneaissance and the Catholic Reformation
The Renaissance was and still is considered a major turning point in history because of everything that changed:
Art, science, literature, music,and religion changed
New ways of thinking
Plague - everyone ques
Why were the Ottomans, Mughals, and Safavids often referred to as the "gunpowder" empires?
All used firearms and artillery on a wide scale in the course of their conquests.
Gave them an advantage
Cities take on more and more significance in Eurasia and Africa in the years after 1000 CE. What's the best explanation for this?
New technology - no longer needed as much farming