What factors must be present for industrialization to take place?
�Power
�Labor
�Capital
�Markets/Transportation
�Inventions/Innovations
�Natural Resources
What does Great Britain have that other
European countries do NOT have?
Coal!
Iron
Ore!!
What caused the Industrial Revolution?
population growth, an agricultural revolution, increased trade, and an interest in innovation.
Innovations that spurred industrialization?
MASS PRODUCTION through the division of labor
New MACHINES and mechanization
Increase in the manufacture of IRON
ELECTRICITY and the TELEGRAPH
Why did industrialization first occur in Great Britain?
political structure, transportation infrastructure, inventiveness, and society open to talented and enterprising people.
Why didn't industrialization first occur in continental Europe?
In the eighteenth century, the economies of continental Europe we hampered by high transportation costs, misguided government regulations, and rigid social structure. War discouraged businessmen from investing in factories and machinery therefore no indus
What innovations spurred industrialization in the earliest years? Later in the 19th Century?
1) Mass production through the division of labor
2) New machines and mechanization
3) A great increase in the manufacture of iron
4) The steam engine
5) The electric telegraph
What innovations occurred in the cotton industry?
The spinning Jenny, which mechanically drew out the cotton fibers and twisted them into thread. The water frame, which produced thread strong enough to be used without linen. The mule, produced a strong thread with thin enough to be used to make a better
How was iron making transformed in this period? How does this impact industrialization?
Abraham Darby discovered that coke (coal from which the impurities have been cooked out) could be used in place of charcoal. The resulting metal was of lower quality than charcoal-smelted iron but much cheaper to produce, for coal was plentiful. The use o
Why is the invention of the steam engine so important?
First machine to transform fossil fuel into mechanical energy. Replaced animal, wind, and waterpower. The invention of the steam engine sparked many later inventions like the sun-and-planet gear which turned the back and forth action of the piston into ro
How did industrialization affect the growth of the population? The growth of cities? Describe urban conditions.
The most dramatic environmental changes were brought about by industrialization occurred in the towns. Never before had tows grown so fast. Yet, industrial cities grew much too fast, and much of the growth occurred in the poorest neighborhoods. As poor mi
How did industrialization impact the environment in North America?
North Americans transformed their environment faster than Europeans because they saw nature as an obstacle to be overcome and dominated. The Canadian and American governments seized land from the Indians and made it available at low cost to white farmers
Describe the working conditions of industrial workers, particularly after the invention of gas lightning?
Most industrial jobs were unskilled, repetitive and boring. Workdays were long, there were few breaks, and foremen watched constantly. Industrial accidents were common. After gas lighting was invented, people could work longer hours and past sunset.
How did the use of gaslights affect city life?
Mills and factories could operate on two eight- to ten-hour shifts instead of one long dawn-to-dusk shift. Businesses stayed open late. Theaters gave evening performances. People could now walk the streets safely at night. It also contributed to the incre
How did industrialization affect women, children and families?
Industrialization had a major impact on women and family life. Women who could not afford servants had always worked, but mostly with the family. Early into industrialization, most young women who sought paid employment became domestic servants in spite o
How did the Industrial Revolution affect gender roles?
� Increased prestige for men in society: more worked outside of house, could rise in power and responsibility
� Middle class women: not needed to work, restricted to domestic duties as "their domain" of influence
How did the Industrial Revolution impact health care?
Crowded cities created BIG problems! TB, Cholera, rickets...raw sewage everywhere...
New vaccines developed (vs. smallpox)
By 1848, British Government starts to address the problems "Public Health Act"
Regular garbage collections starts! Yea!
More profess
Why did slavery expand with the development of industrialization?
While the cotton boom enriched planters, merchants, and manufacturers, African Americans paid for it with their freedom. Slavery was seen as a necessary part of the industrial revolution. As the cotton industry expanded, so did the amount of slaves. 60% o
Describe the new kind of middle class that was created at this time.
The real beneficiaries of the early Industrial Revolution were the middle class. In the late eighteenth century a new group arose: entrepreneurs whose money came from manufacturing. Most were the sons of middling shopkeepers, craftsmen, or farmers. Their
How did the lives of working class women compare to middle class women of the time?
Middle class women could work until they got married but then were consigned to caring for the home and children. Working-class women formed a majority of the workers in the textile industries and in domestic service, they also needed to keep homes and ra
How do cotton cloth and the invention of the sewing machine help us to understand the changes in the lives of ordinary people?
The combination of cotton cloth and sewing machines revolutionized clothing. A shirt that took fourteen and a half hours to sew by hand could be made in an hour. Manual labor decreased incredibly. Now the poor could afford more clothes. Better-off homemak
What are the social effects of the Industrial Revolution?
� New Bourgeoisie Luxuries
� Poverty in overcrowded cities
What new technologies and industries appeared between 1850 and 1900 and how did they affect the world economy?
Electricity, steel, chemical industries, railroads, steamships, telegraph, textile mills, nitroglycerin and dynamite and submarine telegraphs cables. They revolutionized everyday life and transformed the economy. Electricity increases production and makes
How and why did other countries finally benefit from the Industrial revolution by the end of the 19th Century?
Increase of trade, technology, and cultural exchanges: ideas
Japan -> isolated culture at first
Germany -> was not organized into one country. No centralized system
U.S. -> labor shortage
How were non-industrialized countries harmed by the growth of industrialization elsewhere in the world?
People choose to migrate to industrialized countries to get work. Industrialized countries needed resources that non-industrialized countries had. The non-industrialized countries were also more vulnerable to changes in price and demand for many of them p
Why did both European and Asian populations migrate so often in the late 19th Century? Why did so many Europeans emigrate to North America in the late 19th Century?
Europeans: In Ireland there was a potato famine, many moved to the U.S. The Russian Jews and miners were escaping massacre and pogroms. They went to the U.S. and South America. Italians moved due to severe poverty.
Also cultural ties between Great Britain
How and why did cities change by the late 19th Century?
They grew much bigger in terms of population. Newly built railroads allowed people to live outside of the city and commute to work. New Urban technologies and the growing powers and responsibilities of governments transformed city life for all but the poo
Multiplier Effect of Railroad Construction
� New job opportunities
� Faster, cheaper transportation
� Markets grew larger, increasing demand
� More sales meant more factories, more production
Population movement
What were the main ideas of Karl Marx? Include how he describes the various stages of world economic development.
believes that the workers should get more money than the business owners. Starts with simple communism. This is how humans first lived together - in small tribes. "Simple" means 'not very complex' e.g. hunting and gathering. Communism means that everythin
Similarities of Socialism and Communism
Both ask the question:
Why should those who provide the money (capital) receive all the profits, and those who provide the labor receive none of the profits?
It is labor, after all, that turns raw materials (including cash) into something with greater val
How does Socialism compare to Communism?
Socialism
from each according to his abilities to each according to his production. The government owns most industries, but some private ownership. Private property should not be abolished, but public should CONTROL use of property and make necessities a
To what extent did the socialist and labor movements include women in their goals and activities?
Women had little time for politics and were not welcome in male-dominated trade unions or radical political parties, though there were a few female radicals. It was never easy to reconcile the demands of workers and those of women. Women did not have the