What is the Paleolithic Age?
old stone age. (200,000-8,000 BCE)
People in Paleolithic age?
hunters/gatherers. people moved in search of wild animals & edible plants (nomadic lifestyle)
Tribal Units in paleolithic age?
most tribes not larger than 50 people.
world population less than 2 million
What are the gender roles of the Paleolithic AGe?
women: foraged, cooked, cared for children.
men: hunted game
How do we know the paleolithic lived back then?
no written documents, no writing, no written records
what is one paleolithic artifact?
cave paintings
What is neolithic?
agriculture revolution; new stone age
begins around 8,000 BCE
Neolithic marks change from...
food gathering to food production
People of neolithic learned to do what to keep living?
grow crops & domisticate animals
staple foods of neolithic?
cereal crops, bread, beer, porrige
what are hunter-gatherers?
A member of a nomadic people who live chiefly by hunting, fishing, and harvesting wild food
Agricultural Revolution: Why did the change happen?
more reliaable food sources make life more secure; larger communities possible
Agricultural Revolution: Why did the practice of agriculture spread?
agricultural communities grew in population and expanded into new areas
NOTE: CHANGE WAS NOT SUDDEN.. HAPPENED OVER MANY GENERATIONS!!
What is technology?
the use of knowledge, tools, and crafts to change the environment or adapt to it
Agricultural Revolution: Technology & Agriculture?
Agriculture gace people better technology to control their environment
Why is agriculture the key to civilization?
it enables a small percentage of the population to work in other jobs besides food production (greater division of labor)
Where did agricultural settlements grow?
into villages and cities
How did agriculture change human society and make civilization possible?
Gave people better technology to control their environments; enables a small percentage of the population to work in other jobs besides food production; larger communities; more reliable food sources secure
what were the original four river valley civilizations?
Tigris/Euphrates
Nile River
Indus River
Yellow River
Explain how environment and geography influenced the cultural development of early civilizations. Discuss some examples.
places that don have metal and cont produce metal, then they dont improve as quickly or have the same inventions and places that do
city-states?
a city and its surrounding farmland
Epic of Gilgamesh?
one of the earliest works of literature in the world; a long poem of many myths/legends
Code of Hammurabi?
one of the earliest legal systems; reveals a stern code of justice
cuneiform?
a system of writing based on wedge shaped characters impressed in clay by a reed
pharoahs?
egyptian kings
papyrus?
form of paper; egyptians came up with
oracle bones?
scratch a question on a tortoise shell or bone; apply heat; priest reads the cracks to interpret answer
Xia dynasty
pre 1750 bce; no direct evidence of its existence;
Shang dynasty
ruled by warrior aristocracy; polytheistic religion; important ancstors; divided noble & peasants; developed system of writing
Zhou dynasty
1045-221 bce; wen & wu rulers; introduced mandate of heaven; dynastic cycle; overthrew shang dynasty; longest lasting dynasty; replaced bronze with iron;
dynastic cycle
dynasty is founded by powerful leader... period of great power and prosperity... period of decline.... period of rebellion, dynasty overthrown... & repeated.
wen & wu
rulers of zhou territory, led a rebellion to overthrow the shang dynasty
mandate of heaven
explains the dynastic cycle;
dynasty founded by powerful leader.. period of great power.. period of decline.. period of rebellion, dynasty overthrown..
feng shui
construction of cities, buildings, rooms to place them in harmony, with the natural surroundings
confucianism
people essentially good; there is a strict hierarchy in society and everyone must know his place, perform proper duties, and live according to a strict moral code
Daoism
based on the teachings of laozi; man must conform his will to be in harmony with the natural universe
legalism
people are essentially wicked and must be ruled with strict laws and the threat of severe punishment
patriarchy
eldest male makes decisions for family; government leaders are typically males
matriarchy
women are in leadership roles; government leaders are typically female
dowry
the brides lure to the groom. like land, money, etc.
bride gift
from groom's family to brides family as sign of grooms welath and standings
mesoamerica
modern mexico and central america
olmec civilization
arose in mesoamerica; political system was monarchy; agriculture was corn, beans, and squash; religion was polytheistic; built in conjunction of stars; started ritual ball game that spread
chavin civilization
900-250 bce; andean coast of western south america; challenging environment, coastal plains, mountain highlands, dense jungles; andes mountains; llamas used as pack animals; maize, potatoes, fruits, quinoa, and coca leaves; first people to practice metall
llama
used as beasts of burden (only pack animal available in the americas)
cosmopolitan
a period of increased trade and cultural exchange; middle east
mediteranean sociesties?
minoan, mycenaean greeks, phoenicia, phoetic alphabet
mycenean greeks
mountainous environment; independent kingdoms; engaged in trade; linear script b, form of writing; collapse civilization around 1200 bce; mass migrations and