1) Han Dynasty (Collapsed around 220 C.E)
- 300 years of political fragmentation, people discredit Confucianism and they adopt Buddhism & Daoism
2) Sui Dynasty (Reunified China & Build the Grand Canal, peasant rebellion brings their fall)
3) The Tang (618
What Dynasties existed before the Song?
From 960-1279, rules large parts of the ancient Chinese Civilization & was regarded as the golden age of arts and literature
What is the Song Dynasty?
-Re-established the civil service exam (from Han dynasty, this provided modest amount of social mobility within a hierarchical society)
-Reclaimed Mandate from Heaven ("the heavens made me your ruler!")
-Central bureaucracy (departments of government)
-Us
Song Politics
-Used paper money (taxes paid in cash)
-Growing commercialization (producing for "the market")
-Almost an industrial revolution
-Capital city of Hangzou (China was most urbanized and populous region in the world)
-Industrial improvements (fueled by coal,
Song Economics
-Buddhism takes root in the 1st-2nd centuries, Neo-confucianism is revived with Buddhist & Daoist influence
-Women were displaced from their traditional role in the textile industry, tightening patriarchy expressed with foot binding
-In some ways the posi
Song Cultural
-Korea generally maintained political independence, but were in a tributary relationship with China & maintained peaceful relations
-Culture such as Confucianism had a negative impact on Korean Women
China's Interactions with Korea
-Similar to Korea: Elite borrowing from the Chinese culture while popular culture remained distinct (Refused Confucian gender practices)
-adopted Chinese approach to government (examination system)
China's Interactions with Vietnam
-Borrowing of Chinese culture was voluntary
-Elements of Chinese culture took root in Japan (Chinese Buddhism, Chinese writing systemic, art, education, bureaucratic state model, etc.)
-Religious distinctiveness & unique writing system, elite women escape
China's Interactions with Japan
-Group from the Arabian Peninsula, Nomadic pastoralists that lived in clans & tribes, lived among trade routes
-Controlled the city of Mecca
-Polytheistic
The Worlds of Islam: Who were the Arabs?
-Is all about Muhammad, the last of the prophets
-Showing connections to Judaism & Christianity
The founding of Islam...
-Merchant from Mecca
-Troubled by corruption & inequalities of Meccan life, challenged existing life
-His community for believers = umma
Who is Muhammad?
-Shahadah: Bearing witness that there is no God but Allan & Muhammad is His Prophet
-Salat: Praying 5 times daily
-Zakat: Giving charity or alms to those in need
-Sawm: Fasting during the month of Ramadan
-Hajj: making a pilgrimage to Mecca
What are the five pillars of Islam?
-Muhammad was rejected in Mecca
-Hijra was his journey to Medina
-Muhammad becomes a religious & political leader
-Umma as new community
-State & "Church" all the same
-Sharia law = laws for every aspect of life
Establishing Islam
-Rightly Guided Caliphs (Religious & Political Leaders): Capital = Medina, conflict of who will lead after Muhammad (Sunni/Shia split), success of massive spread and conversion
-Umayyad Dynasty: Capital = Damascus, conflict of how to treat non-Arab Muslim
Creation of Arab Islamic Empire
-Familiarity of monotheism, prayers, fasting
-Association with a powerful new state
-Merchant Activity
-Military prowess
Creation of Arab Islamic Empire: What supported conversion, spread & success?
-The mystical side to Islam
-Sought a direct & personal experience on the "Divine
What is Sufi Mysticism?
-Not another Islamic Empire, however Muslims stay connected culturally through their faith & religion, as well as commerce & exchange
What happens after the fall of the Abbasid Empire?
-Turkic-speaking invaders brought Islam to India
-Establishment of Turkic & Muslim regimes in India beginning in ca. 1000
-Emergence of Muslim communities in India
World of Islam: Cultural Encounters in Indka
-al-Andalus: Far west of the Islamic world, high degree of interaction among Muslims, Christians and Jews
-Religious toleration started breaking down by the late tenth century
-persecution & increasing limitations on Christians
-Islam eradicated between 1
World of Islam: Cultural Encounters in Spain
-Roman Emperor Constantine makes Christianity the official religion of the Roman Empire
-The church was most powerful institution - modeled after Rome's government (Pope, Cardinals, Bishops, and lowest Priests)
Spread of Christianity in Europe
-Provided a sense of stability after the fall of the Roman Empire
-Developed canon law based on Roman law
-Had it's own courts
-claimed supremacy over civil government
Political Influence of Christianity in Europe
-Promoted learning by maintaining schools
-Copied ancient books & manuscripts, preserving classical culture
-Building projects (churches)
-Safety for travelers
Cultural Influence of Christianity in Europe
-Considerable income from its lands, gifts and taxes
-Prohibited usury (loaning money with interest)
Economic Influence of Christianity on Europe
-Germanic laws: blood feuds, defend your clan
-Germanic tribes wear pants, not togas
-Germanic literature
-Disrupt European life & force people into feudalism
Germanic Tribes Influence on Europe
-Began in Europe as a way to offer protection, based on land & loyalty
-Land-owning lords offer land (called a fief) to knights in exchange for their loyalty and promise to protect the lord's land
-Lord's land = manor
-Feudal structure = King �> Noble/Chu
Feudalism in Europe
-A part of feudalism; the everyday life on the lord's manor (land)
-peasant life was hard; paid taxes to use the lord's mill, had to get permission to marry, etc.
The Manorial System in Europe
-accelerating change & growth in Western Europe; culture is a combination of Roman, Germanic & Christian
-Agriculture growth: new lands cleared
-Climate change: natural warming after 750 C.E.
-Growth in trade: long distance & region
-Growth in towns/citie
Early Middle Ages in Europe
-Byzantine emperor appealed to RCC for aid against Muslim Turks
-4 major crusades failed to recapture Jerusalem
Crusades in Europe
Political: Strengthened kings/central governments by weakening nobility, stimulating trade
Social: broadened people's outlooks, saw advanced Muslim & Byzantine civilizations, encouraged learning
Economic: Stimulated trade & towns, money replaced barter, B
Effects of the Crusades
-Plagues that killed 1/3 to 1/2 of W. Europeans
-Consequences: shortages of labor in Western Europe, wages increase, power of Nobility declined, people lose faith in the church
Black Death in Europe
-Origin: India
-Founder: no historical founder
-Deity: Polytheistic
-Basic Beliefs: the human soul was a part of Brahman, goal of humankind was to achieve union with Brahman, rebirth & reincarnation, karma
World Religions: Hinduism
-Origin: South Asia & India
-Founder: Siddhartha Gautama
-Deity: Buddha
-Basic Beliefs: Much reflected Hindu traditions, life is an illusion, karma, rebirth, etc., challenged a Hindu-based caste system
World Religions: Buddhism
-Origin: China
-Founder: Confucius
-Basic Beliefs: less overtly religious, traditions derived from the thinking of Confucius, dealt with the problems of disorder & chaos
World Religions: Confucianism
-Origin: China
-Founder: Laozi
-Deity: Polytheistic
-Basic Beliefs: Ran counter to that of Confucius, urged withdrawal into the world of nature
World Religions: Daoism
-Origin: Middle Eastern Lands
-Founder: Abraham
-Basic Beliefs: Experienced God as a divine person, not far away. significance lay in the foundation it provided for Christianity & Islam
World Religions: Judaism
-Origin: Middle Eastern Lands
-Founder: Jesus of Nazareth
-Deity: One God, Abba/Father of Jesus
-Basic Beliefs: Antagonism of all other supernatural powers, supreme importance of love & compassion
World Religions: Christianity
-Origin: Middle Eastern Lands
-Founders: Muhammad
-Deity: one God, Allah
-Basic Beliefs: Ulama were Islamic religious scholars (Sunni & Shia) who shaped the core teachings of Islamic civilization
World Religions: Islam