Hernan Cortes
Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547)
Moctezuma II
Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Cortes
Francisco Pizarro
Spanish explorer who conquered the Incas in what is now Peru and founded the city of Lima (1475-1541)
James Cook
English navigator who claimed the east coast of Australia for Britain and discovered several Pacific islands (1728-1779)
Mestizo
The term used by Spanish authorities to describe someone of mixed Amerindian and European descent. (p. 484)
Encomienda
A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it
Taino
Native Americans from island of San Salvador
Criolles
middle class of New Spain
Zambos
People of mixed Native American and African descent. Lowest tier of social class, with no rights whatsoever.
Hacienda
a large estate in Spanish-speaking countries
Peninsulares
Spanish-born, came to Latin America; ruled, highest social class
Viceroy
showy American butterfly resembling the monarch but smaller
Conquistadores
Spanish 'conqueror' or soldier in the New World. They were searching for the 3-G's: gold, God, and glory.
Treaty of Tordesillas
Set the Line of Demarcation which was a boundary established in 1493 to define Spanish and Portuguese possessions in the Americas.
Repartimiento system
colonial forced labor system imposed upon the indigenous population of Spanish America and the Philippines.
Indentured servants
colonists who received free passage to North America in exchange for working without pay for a certain number of years
Aboriginal Australians
had many distinct foraging and fishing societies; did not stay in one spot for very long