Martin Luther
German theologian who led the Reformation
John Calvin
Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)
Ignatius Loyola
Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.
Henry VIII
son of Henry VII and King of England from 1509 to 1547
Charles V
Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).
Louis XIV
king of France from 1643 to 1715
Nicolaus Copernicus
Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)
Galileo Galilei
Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars
Isaac Newton
English mathematician and physicist
Adam Smith
Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)
Voltaire
French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)
Indulgences
pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment
95 Theses
Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517.
Protestant Reformation
a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches
Catholic Reformation
Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.
Jesuits
Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.
Thirty Years' War
(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.
Spanish Inquisition
the Inquisition that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain (especially from the 15th to the 17th centuries)
Absolutism
a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)
Divine Right of Kings
the belief that the authority of kings comes directly from God
Versailles
a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles
Capitalism
an economic system based on private ownership of capital
Putting-out system
system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England
Enlightenment
a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions
Philosophes
Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason.
Deism
the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation