APWH 24

Martin Luther

German theologian who led the Reformation

John Calvin

Swiss theologian (born in France) whose tenets (predestination and the irresistibility of grace and justification by faith) defined Presbyterianism (1509-1564)

Ignatius Loyola

Founded the Society of Jesus, resisted the spread of Protestantism, wrote Spiritual Exercises.

Henry VIII

son of Henry VII and King of England from 1509 to 1547

Charles V

Holy Roman emperor (1519-1558) and king of Spain as Charles I (1516-1556). He summoned the Diet of Worms (1521) and the Council of Trent (1545-1563).

Louis XIV

king of France from 1643 to 1715

Nicolaus Copernicus

Polish astronomer who produced a workable model of the solar system with the sun in the center (1473-1543)

Galileo Galilei

Italian astronomer and mathematician who was the first to use a telescope to study the stars

Isaac Newton

English mathematician and physicist

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790)

Voltaire

French writer who was the embodiment of 18th century Enlightenment (1694-1778)

Indulgences

pardon sold by catholic church to reduce one's punishment

95 Theses

Arguments written by Martin Luther against the Catholic church. They were posted on Octobe 31, 1517.

Protestant Reformation

a religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches

Catholic Reformation

Religious reform movement within the Latin Christian Church, begun in response to the Protestant Reformation. It clarified Catholic theology and reformed clerical training and discipline.

Jesuits

Also known as the Society of Jesus; founded by Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556) as a teaching and missionary order to resist the spread of Protestantism.

Thirty Years' War

(1618-48) A series of European wars that were partially a Catholic-Protestant religious conflict. It was primarily a batlte between France and their rivals the Hapsburg's, rulers of the Holy Roman Empire.

Spanish Inquisition

the Inquisition that guarded the orthodoxy of Catholicism in Spain (especially from the 15th to the 17th centuries)

Absolutism

a form of government in which the ruler is an absolute dictator (not restricted by a constitution or laws or opposition etc.)

Divine Right of Kings

the belief that the authority of kings comes directly from God

Versailles

a palace built in the 17th century for Louis XIV southwest of Paris near the city of Versailles

Capitalism

an economic system based on private ownership of capital

Putting-out system

system of merchant-capitalists "putting out" raw materials to cottage workers for processing and payment that was fully developed in England

Enlightenment

a movement in the 18th century that advocated the use of reason in the reappraisal of accepted ideas and social institutions

Philosophes

Social critics of the eighteenth century who subjected social institutions and practices to the test of reason.

Deism

the form of theological rationalism that believes in God on the basis of reason without reference to revelation