Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Heir apparent to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started World War I
Sarajevo
Administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire; assassination there of Arch-duke Ferdinand in 1914 started World War I
Western Front
Front established in World War I; generally along line from Belgium to Switzerland; featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict.
Gallipoli
Peninsula south of Istanbul. Site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during World War I.
Armenian genocide
Assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915; over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East.
Eastern Front
Most mobile of the fronts established during World War I; after early success,military defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia
Adolf Hitler
Nazi leader of fascist Germany from 1933 to 1945; created a strongly centralized state in Germany; eliminated all rivals, launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to world war II; responsible for genocide of European Jews.
Georges Clemenceau
French prime minister in last years of World War I during Versailles Conference of 1919; pushed for heavy reparations from Germans
David Lloyd George
Prime minister of Great Britain who headed a coalition government through much of World War I and the turbulent years that followed
self0determination
Right of people in a region to determine weather to be independent of not.
League of Nations
International diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended World War I; one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations; the United States was never a member.
National Congress party
Grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians; originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras; became political party in 1885; focus of nationalist movement in India; governed through most of postcolonial period.
B.G Tilak
believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiously; worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions; offended Muslims and other religious groups; first populist leaders in Indian nationalist moveme
Morly-Minto reforms
Provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils
Montagu-Chelmsford reforms
Increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indias; passed in 1919
Rowlatt Act
Placed sever restrictions on key Indian civil rights such as freedom of the press; acted to offset the concessions granted under Monteagu-Chelmsford reforms of 1919
Mohandas Gandhi
((1869-1948) Led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British Empire after World War I; stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest.
satyagraha
literally means "truth force"; strategy of nonviolence protest developed by Mohandas Gandhi and his followers in India; later deployed throughout the colonized world and in the United States
Lord Cromer
(1841-1917) British proconsul in khedival Egypt from1883 to 1907; pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminate the debts of the khedival regime
effendi
Class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival Egypt; as a class generally favored Egyptian independence.
Dinshawai incident
Clash between British soldiers and Egyptian villagers in 1906; arose over haunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers hunting pigeons; led to Egyptian protest movement
Ataturk
Also known as Mustafa Kemal; leader of Turkish republic formed in 1923; reformed Turkish nation using Western models
Hussein
Sherif of Mecca from 1908 to 1917; used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support British against the Turks in World War I; angered by Britain's failure to keep promise; died 1931
Mandates
Governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in the aftermath of World War I; Britain occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine after 1922
Zionists
Members of a movement originating in eastern Europe during the 1860s and 1870s that argued that the Jews must return to a Middle Eastern holy land; eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine
Balfour Declaration
British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine issued in 1917
Leon Pinsker
(1821-1891) European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Christian European nations with impossible; argued for return to Middle Eastern Holy Land
Theodor Herzl
Austrian journalist and Zionist; formed World Zionist Organization in 1897; promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state
Alfred Dreyfus
(1859-1953) French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans; his mistreatment and exile to Devil's Island provided flash-point for years of bitter debate between the left and right France
World Zionist Organization
Founded by Theodor Herzl to promote Jewish migration and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state
Wafd party
Egyptian nationalist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following World War I; led by Sa'd Zaghlul negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence beginning in 1922.
Sa'd Zaghlul
Leader of Egyptian's nationalist Ward party; their negotiations with British led to limited Egyptian independence in 1922
Marcus Garvey
African American political leader; had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in 1920s and 1930s
W.E.B. Du Bois
African American political leader; had major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders in the 1920s and 1930s
pan-African
Organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after World War I
n�gritude
Literary movement in Africa; attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture; celebrated the beauty of black skin and African nationalist movements
L�opold S�dar Senghor
(1906-2001) One of the post-World War I writers of the n�gritude literary movement that urged pride in African values; president of Senegal from 1960 to 1980.