AP World History Vocabulary for Chapter 12, 13, 14, 15

Mongols, Genghis Khan

_______ were a group of nomads of Northern Eurasia established under _______ ____, or Timajin.

Yuan, Khublai Khan

The ____ Chinese Empire was established under _______ ____, grandson of Genghis.

Il-khan

Mongol Empire: representatives of the Great Khan who ruled Iran & Iraq in Middle Ages

Golden Horde

Mongol khanate founded by Genghis Khan's grandson Batu. It was based in southern Russia and quickly adopted both the Turkic language and Islam. Also known as the Kipchak Horde. (p. 333)

Timur or Tamerlane

Member of a prominent family of the Mongols' Jagadai Khanate, Timur through conquest gained control over much of Central Asia and Iran. He consolidated the status of Sunni Islam as orthodox, and his descendants, the Timurids, maintained his empire. (336)

Alexander Nevskii

He was the prince of Novgorod. He convinced other princes that it would be best if they went along with the Mongols.

czar

Russian title for a monarch was first used in reference to Russian ruler by Ivan III.

Ottoman Empire

Islamic state founded by Osman in northwestern Anatolia ca. 1300. After the fall of the Byzantine Empire, the Ottoman Empire was based at Istanbul (formerly Constantinople) from 1453 to 1922. It encompassed lands in the Middle East, North Africa, the Cauc

Ming Empire

Empire based in China that Zhu Yanzhang established after the overthrow of the Yuan Empire. The Ming emperor Yongle sponsored the building of the Forbidden City and the voyages of Zheng He. The later years of the Ming saw a slowdown in technological devel

Yongle

3rd emperor of the Ming Empire and constructed the Forbidden City.

Zheng He

Imperial Muslim eunuch sent to impress the world with the Ming's power

Kamikaze

Divine wind" that stopped the Mongol invasion of Japan.

Ashikaga Shogunate

2nd major military government headed by shogun.

Khanate of Jagadai

Mongol Empir in Central Asia.

Pax Mongolica

Mongol Peace: used to describe the eased communication and commerce the unified administration helped to create

Ibn Buttuta

Well-traveled Muslim scholar who wrote what he saw unbiased.

Mansa Musa

Emperor of Mali and went on a pilgrimage to Mecca.

Great Zimbabwe

City, now in ruins (in the modern African country of Zimbabwe), whose many stone structures were built between about 1250 and 1450, when it was a trading center and the capital of a large state. (p. 385)

Urdu

Form of writing and speech used mostly in Pakistan.

Hanseatic League

Northern European trade and military alliance, an economic and defensive alliance of the free towns in northern Germany, founded about 1241 and most powerful in the fourteenth century.

Renaissance (Europe)

'Rebirth of knowledge', a period of intense artistic and intellectual activity, said to be a 'rebirth' of Greco-Roman culture. Usually divided into an Italian Renaissance, from roughly the mid-fourteenth to mid-fifteenth century, and a Northern Renaissanc

Scholasticism

A reconciling of reason and religion, a philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century. (p. 408)

Humanists (Renaissance)

Scholars who wrote, spoke, and emphasized on individuality rather than groups,. European scholars, writers, and teachers associated with the study of the humanities (grammar, rhetoric, poetry, history, languages, and moral philosophy), influential in the

Great Western Schism

Division of the the church with a pope in Avignon and a pope in Rome.

Hundred Years War

A war between the French and English in which the French won, Series of campaigns over control of the throne of France, involving English and French royal families and French noble families.

Niccolo Machiavelli

Florentine diplomat who wrote the book "The Prince".

Dante Alighieri

Florentine poet and author who wrote "The Divine Comedy" - journey through hell, purgatory, and the paradise.

Arawak

Amerindian people who inhabited the Caribbean Islands and first to see Columbus.

Henry the Navigator

Portuguese prince, established school of navigation, and encouraged exploration.

Caravel

Ship developed for exploration, A small, highly maneuverable three-masted ship used by the Portuguese and Spanish in the exploration of the Atlantic. (p. 427)

Bartolomeu Dias

Portuguese explorer who in 1488 led the first expedition to sail around the southern tip of Africa from the Atlantic and sight the Indian Ocean. (p. 428)

Ferdinand Magellan

First to circumnavigate the globe

Conquistadors

Spanish explorers who came to the new world, Early-sixteenth-century Spanish adventurers who conquered Mexico, Central America, and Peru.

Cortes

Spanish conquistador who defeated the Aztecs and conquered Mexico (1485-1547).

Pizzaro

For Spain. led a small army in an invasion of the Inca Empire. He conquered the Inca and gained huge amounts of gold and silver for himself and Spain.

Moctezuma II

Last Aztec emperor, overthrown by the Spanish conquistador Hernan Cortes.

Atahualpa

Last ruling Incan emperor of Peru. Executed by the Spanish (Pizarro)

Treaty of Tordesillas

A 1494 agreement between Portugal and Spain, declaring that newly discovered lands to the west of an imaginary line in the Atlantic Ocean would belong to Spain and newly discovered lands to the east of the line would belong to Portugal.