Carucca
Carruca-heavy iron, wheeled plow with iron plowshare, turned soils. Switch from Oxen?horse. Horse became very efficient with new collar (around chest); and horseshoe (helped to pull through tough rocky soils) Heavy wheeled plow (Carruca) led to farming vi
Bourgeoisie
people of the walled city were called bourgeoisie.
Apprentice
Process included becoming an apprentice (10) to a master. After 5-7 years, apprentices became journeymen
Master
To become a master, journeymen submitted a masterpiece.
Masterpiece
a finished piece of the craft.
Papacy
the office of the pope.
Lay Investiture
Pope Gregory VII decided to fight lay investiture (Secular rulers chose members of the church office, and then gave them gifts, the symbols of their office (ring/staff)
Interdict
decree by the pope, forbids priests from giving sacraments, to a particular group of people.
Sacrament
Christian rights, baptisms, marriages, mass. Sacraments of the Catholic church were central in importance to people.
Petrine Doctrine
Suggests that the "Bishop of Rome" (pope) is the head of the Church and infallible
� Eastern Orthodox disagree. Church Teachings
� Must take part in the 5(later7) sacraments (church rituals/rites) in order to be saved from eternal damnation
� Baptism, mar
Unam Sanctum (popes over kings)
Popes dont have to pay taxes.
Babylonian Captivity
The Babylonian Captivity (1305�1377)
- King Philip IV (France) vs. Pope Boniface VIII (issues Unam Sanctam)
- Papacy moved to Avignon, France.
The Great Schism
�The popes lived in France from 1305-77.
�Due to pressure from Roman citizens, the cardinals elected an Italian pope, Pope Urban VI.
�Soon after, a group of French cardinals declared the election invalid, and chose a Frenchmen as pope. The pope returned t
Simony
selling of church positions
Indulgences
Popes blessings forgiving people of their sins. Church raised a lot of money by selling these.
Relics
the bones of saints or objects considered worthy of worship because they provided a link between the earthly would and God.
Concordat of Worms
Lay Investiture"� outlawed by the "Concordat of Worms" (1122) following the conflict between Pope Gregory VII & King Henry IV (Germany)
Heresy
Domican order was founded to defend Church teachings from heresy,or the denial of basic Church doctrines. Jews, Muslims, or nonbelievers were considered heretics.
Inquisition
The Church's desire to have a method of discovering and dealing with heretics led to the creation of a court, the Holy Office.
Theology
the study of religion and God, most regarded subject.
Vernacular
�New literature was written in the vernacular, the everyday speech in a particular region.
�A demand for vernacular literature started when educated laypeople became interested in new sources of entertainment
Scholasticism
�Philosophical and theological system
�Tried to harmonize Christian faith with Greek reason
�Muslim and Jewish scholars introduced the works of Aristotle.
�Aristotle's works upset Christian theologians, his work arrived with conclusions by rational though
Treaty of Troyes
French King Charles VI signs the Treaty of Troyes in 1420--agrees to give up kingdom to English upon his death.
Anti-Semitism
hatred towards Jews. Developed especially after the black death, used Jews as the scapegoat.
Dauphin
Charles VII (the "Dauphin") is crowned king; title of the heir to the throne of France
Christendom
The Church dominated all aspects of society (including politics) as it presided over "Christendom"The Church owned 1/3 of the land in Europe. The power of the Church canbe,in part, attributed to an uneducated and highly superstitious population that belie
Black Death/Bubonic Plague
�14th century most devastating natural disaster in European history.
�Bubonic plague-most common form of the Black death
�Spread by black rats infested with fleas carrying a deadly bacterium
�Brought to Europe by Italian merchants from Caffa, a port on th
Benedictine Rule
Monastic Life "Regula"�"By the rule" Monks/nuns live APART from society
� Starts w/Benedict (520 C.E.)�establishes "Benedictine Rule" (No goods, marriage� live a life of chastity & obedience to abbot/abbess) Live strict, regulated lives, Manual labor, pra
Romanesque Architecture
�Rounded Arches.
�Barrel vaults.
�Thick walls.
�Darker, simplistic interiors. �Small windows, usually at the top of the wall.
Gothic Architecture
�Ribbed vaults and Pointed arches, enabled building to be very tall, pointed to God.
�Thinner walls.
�Flying buttresses.
�Elaborate, ornate, airier interiors.
�Stained-glass windows.
John Wycliffe
(English):
-Head of Church is Christ -Clergy should be poor
-BIBLE trumps pope -VERNACULAR!
-Charged w/heresy� popular--riots breakout
John Hus
(Czech Republic), John (Jan) Hus(s) also criticized church corruption
-Translates the Bible into Czech
-Excommunicated, tried and burned at the stake
-Wycliffe and Huss lay the foundation for the Protestant Reformation
Henry IV (Germany)
Henry IV from Germany opposed the pope. German kings had appointed high-ranking clerics as their vassals, and used them as administrators. W/o them, the king couldn't withhold his power against powerful German nobles.
Pope Gregory VII
�Pope Gregory VII decided to fight lay investiture.
�He believed that it was the right of the Church to appoint clergy and run its affairs.
�1075 Pope Gregory issued decree preventing high-ranking clerics from receiving lay investure.
Saint Thomas Aquinas
made the famous attempt to reconcil Aristotle with the doctrines of Christianity.
-Summa Theologica- used by students for theological and philosophical questions
Joan of Arc
(16 year old peasant girl, heard voices of three saints, instructing her to help save France) changes the tide of war.�breaks the siege of ORLEANS in 1429. captured by English and turned over to the Church�accused of witchcraft and burned alive (becomes a
King Philip IV vs. Pope Boniface VIII
�Phillip, to gain revenues believed he had the right to tax clergy of France.
�Boniface claimed that the clergy could not pay taxes to their ruler w/o Pope's consent. Popes were supreme over both the Church and state.
�After the death of Boniface, Philip
Avignon
southern France; home of Papacy from 1305 to 1377
Gascony
south eastern coast of France; controlled by English in the 13th century
Crecy
northern France; site of first major battle of the Hundred Years' War in 1346
Agincourt
northern France; 1415 battle of Hundred Years' War; 1500 French nobles died
Orleans
central France; 1429 French army was led by Joan of Arc
Flanders
coast of present-day northern France and Belgium; trade city; known for much desired, high-quality woolen cloth
Venice
north eastern Italy; trade city; close trading ties with Byzantine Empire; mercantile fleet; major trading center
Bologna
northern Italy; first European university
Cardinal
Appointed by the pope�as a body (curia) they advise the pope and when needed, choose the next pope