What Classical era trade networks continued during the post-Classical era, and which new cities were added during the post-Classical era?
�Silk Road (Baghdad) Abbasids and Mongols
�Mediterranean (Venice) Byzantine Empire
�Trans-Saharan (Mali) Umayyads
�Indian Ocean (Swahili city-states of East Africa and Malacca in Southeast Asia)
What new technologies enabled the growth of inter-regional trade networks?
�Caravan Organization
-Camel saddles
-Caravanserai
�Seafaring
-Compass, Astrolabe, Larger ships
�Banking and Credit
-Bills of exchange
-Credit
-Checks/Banking Houses
What factors encouraged commercial growth in the post-Classical era?
�Commercial growth was also facilitated by state practices (such as the minting of coins or use of paper money), trading organizations (such as the Hanseatic League), and state-sponsored commercial infrastructures like the Grand Canal in Sui China.
-Hanse
How did the expansion of empires & trade networks affect the relationship between people inside vs. outside those "zones?
�The expansion of existing empires�including China, the Byzantine Empire, and the Caliphates�as well as new empires�like the Mongols�facilitated trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors' economies and trade networks.
�Mongol
What basic understandings of environment and technology did post-Classical traders need to conduct their business?
�The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on peoples' understanding of a particular regional environment and their subsequent technological adaptations to them.
-the way Scandinavian Vikings used their longboats to tr
What were the environmental effects of migration in the post-Classical era?
Some migrations had significant environmental impact, including the migration of the agricultural Bantu-speaking peoples who facilitated transmission of iron technologies in Sub-Saharan Africa, and the maritime migrations of the Polynesian peoples who cul
What were the linguistic effects of migration in the post-Classical era?
�Some migrations and commercial contacts led to the diffusion of languages throughout a new region or the emergence of new languages.
-the spread of over 300 Bantu languages, including Swahili (blended Bantu and Arabic)
-the spread of Arabic languages thr
Why and where did Muslim trade networks change in the post-Classical era?
�Islam developed in the Arabian peninsula from the interactions among Jews, Christians, and Zoroastrians with the local peoples and expanded to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion and the activities of merchants and missionaries (Mansa Mu
What institutions did merchants create to foster both trade and cultural diffusion in the post-Classical era?
�In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diasporic communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture.
-Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region
-Chinese merchant communities in S
How well did post-Classical societies know and understand each other?
�The writings of certain inter-regional travelers (such as Ibn Battuta or Marco Polo) illustrate both the extent and the limitations of inter-cultural knowledge and understanding.
-Both traveled to far away places and recorded observations in books
How did the post-Classical trade affect the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions?
�Increased cross-cultural interactions resulted in the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions.
-The influence of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia
-Hinduism and Buddhism in Southeast Asia
-The influence of Islam in sub-Saharan A
How did post-Classical trade affect the diffusion of scientific and technological traditions?
�Increased cross-cultural interactions also resulted in the diffusion of scientific and technological traditions.
-The influence of Greek and Indian mathematics on Muslim scholars
-The return of Greek science and philosophy to western Europe
-The spread o
What new foods, crops, and agricultural practices diffused in the post-Classical era?
�New foods and agricultural techniques were adopted in populated areas.
-Bananas in Africa
-New rice varieties in East Asia
-The spread of cotton, sugar, and citrus throughout Dar-al Islam and the Mediterranean basin
What diseases and pathogens also spread via post-Classical trade networks?
�The spread of epidemic diseases, including the Black Death, followed the well-established paths of trade and military conquest.
-Mongol trade was the major factor in the spread of the plague across Africa, Europe, and Asia.
3.1 How did trade networks in the post-Classical Era compare to the Classical Era?
Though Afro-Eurasia and the Americas remained separate from each other, this era witnessed a deepening and widening of old and new networks of human interaction within and across regions. The results were unprecedented concentrations of wealth and the int
3.1.0.1 What new technologies, governmental policies, and merchant activities accompanied these developments?
Improved transportation technologies and commercial practices led to an increased volume of trade, and expanded the geographical range of existing and newly-active trade networks.
3.1.0.2 What role did pastoral and nomadic groups play in these trade networks?
Pastoral or nomadic groups played a key role in creating and sustaining these networks.
3.1.I How did the physical size of post-Classical trade networks compare to the previous era?
Expanding networks fostered greater inter-regional borrowing while at the same time sustaining regional diversity. The expansion of existing empires�including China, the Byzantine Empire, and the Caliphates�as well as new empires like the Mongols�facilita
3.1.I.A What Classical era trade networks continued during the post-classical era, and which new cities were added?
3.1.I.B What new trade networks developed?
Existing trade routes flourished including the Silk Roads, the Mediterran- ean Sea, trans-Saharan and the Indian Ocean basin, and promoted the growth of powerful new trading cities. (Novgorod, Timbuktu, Swahili city-states, Hangzhou, Calicut, Baghdad, Mel
3.1.I.C What new technologies enabled the growth of inter-regional trade networks?
� more sophisticated caravan organization. (caravanserai, camel saddles)
� use of the compass, astrolabe, and larger ship designs in sea travel
� and new forms of credit and monetization (bills of exchange, credit, checks/banking houses)
3.1.I.D What factors encouraged com- mercial growth?
� New state practices (the minting of coins, use of paper money)
� New trading organizations (the Hanseatic League)
� New state-sponsored commercial infrastructures (Grand Canal in China)
3.1.8.E How did the expansion of empires & trade networks affect the relationship between peoples inside vs. outside those "zones?
The expansion of existing empires (China, Byzantine Empire, Caliphates) as well as new empires (Mongols) facilitated trans-Eurasian trade and communication as new peoples were drawn into their conquerors' economies and trade networks.
3.1.II What were the effects of migration?
3.1.II.A What basic understandings of environment and technology did post- classical traders need to conduct their business?
The expansion and intensification of long-distance trade routes often depended on people's understanding of a particular regional environment and their subsequent technological adaptations to them.
� the way Scandinavian Vikings used longboats to travel i
3.1.II.B What were the environmental effects of migration?
Some migrations had significant environmental impact.
� the migration of the agricultural Bantu-speaking peoples in forested regions of Sub-Saharan Africa
� the maritime migrations of the Polynesian peoples who cultivated transplanted foods & domesticated
3.1.II.C ... linguistic effects of migration?
Some migrations and commercial contacts led to the diffusion of languages throughout a new region or the emergence of new languages
� the spread of Bantu languages
� the new language of Swahili which developed in E African coastal areas
� the spread of Tu
3.1.III How did trade networks as a whole develop in the post-classical era?
Cross-cultural exchanges were fostered by the intensification of existing or the creation of new networks of trade & communication.
3.1.III.A Why and where did Muslim trade networks change?
Islam expanded from the Arabian Peninsula to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion and the activities of merchants and missionaries.
3.1.III.B What institutions did merchants create to foster both trade and cultural diffusion?
In key places along important trade routes, merchants set up diaspora communities where they introduced their own cultural traditions into the indigenous culture.
� Muslim merchant communities in the Indian Ocean region
� Chinese merchant communities in S
3.1.III.C How well did post-classical societies know/understand each other?
The writings of certain inter-regional travelers illustrate both the extent and the limitations of inter-cultural knowledge and understanding.
� Ibn Battuta
� Marco Polo
� Xuangzang
3.1.III.D How did post-classical trade affect the diffusion of literary, artistic, and cultural traditions?
Literary, artistic, and cultural traditions diffused.
� the influence of Neo-Confucianism and Buddhism in East Asia, Hinduism and Buddhism in SE Asia
� the influence of Islam in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia
� the influence of Toltec/Mexica and In
3.1.III.E How did post-classical trade affect the diffusion of scientific and technological traditions?
Increased cross-cultural interactions also resulted in the diffusion of scientific and technological traditions.
� the influence of Greek and Indian mathematics on Muslim scholars
� the return of Greek science and philosophy to western Europe via Muslim a
3.1.IV What were the biological effects of post-classical trade?
There was continued diffusion of crops and pathogens throughout the Eastern Hemisphere along the trade routes.
3.1.IV.A What new foods, crops, and agricultural practices diffused?
� Bananas in Africa
� New rice varieties in East Asia
� Muslim Agric Revolution
3.1.IV.B What diseases and pathogens also spread via post-classical trade networks?
The spread of epidemic diseases, including the Black Death, followed the well-established paths of trade and military conquest.