Abolition
the action or an act of abolishing a system, practice, or institution; often viewed as the anti-slavery movement
Adam Smith
Modern capitalism owes its roots to Adam Smith and his Wealth of Nations, which many consider the single most important economic work in history.
Afrikaners/Boers
an Afrikaans-speaking person in South Africa, esp. one descended from the Dutch and Huguenot settlers of the 17th century.
American Revolution
Desire for Political Power: Colonies want rights as political identities; Financial Difficulties: Want to stop high taxes imposed by the British; "No Taxation without Representation"�no rights to impose anything Riots: Bread Riots, Boston Tea Party; Const
Anti-Semitism
Term coined in the late nineteenth century that was associated with a prejudice against Jews and the political, social, and economic actions taken against them
Assembly Line
a series of workers and machines in a factory by which a succession of identical items is progressively assembled.
Bourgeoisie
Middle class in modern industrial society.
Boxer Rebellion
Anti-Foreign/Christian Rebellion Nationalist movement against
foreign Imperialism. Split support of Chinese gov't ; Declared war against ""The
...
Great Powers""�Europe, Japan, and US; Western troops invade ~20,000 and defeat imperial army; Mass destruction and atrocities upon defeat; Once again leads to increase in foreign involvement
...
Caudillos
Latin American term for nineteenth-century local military leaders.
Commonwealth
an international association consisting of the UK together with states that were previously part of the British Empire, and dependencies. The British monarch is the symbolic head of the Commonwealth.
Communism
an international association consisting of the UK together with states that were previously part of the British Empire, and dependencies. The British monarch is the symbolic head of the Commonwealth.
Communist Manifesto
a socialist manifesto written by Marx and Engels (1842) describing the history of the working-class movement according to their views
Congress of Vienna
Gathering of European diplomats in Vienna, Austria, from October 1814 to June 1815. The representatives of the "great powers" that defeated Napoleon�Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia�dominated the proceedings, which aimed to restore the prerevolutiona
Corporation
A concept that reached mature form in 1860s in England and France; it involved private business owned by thousands of individual and institutional investors who financed the business through the purchase of stocks.
Declaration of Independence
the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the Colonies from Great Britain; major beliefs emphasize the enlightenment especially beliefs of John Locke "Life, Liberty, Property"; D
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen written proclaiming the equality of all men, sovereignty of the people, and individual rights to liberty, property, and security (France); Document from the French Revolution (1789) that was influenced by the A
Demographic Transitions
refers to the transition from high birth and death rates to lower birth and death rates as a country or region develops from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system
Direct Rule
Direct Control�foreign officials brought in to rule, no self rule, goal is assimilation of culture, government institutions are based on European styles, colonies and settler colonies common as well as missionary work�ex. French
Enclosure Movement
The enclosure movement was this: wealthy farmers bought land from small farmers, then benefited from economies of scale in farming huge tracts of land. The enclosure movement led to improved crop production, such as the rotation of crops.
Enlightened Monarch
also known as enlightened despotism and benevolent absolutism, is a form of absolute monarchy or despotism inspired by the Enlightenment. Enlightened monarchs embrace rationality. Most enlightened monarchs fostered education and allowed religious toleranc
Enlightenment
a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents inclu
Factory System
Rising demands led to creation of buildings that house all aspects of production where workers perform specialized tasks under one roof
French Revolution
Overthrow of the Ancien Regime and King/Queen by the French population; leads into movement for complete overhaul of society and rejection of tradition�as seen best in the Reign of Terror; Napoleon's rise to power reverts many of the decisions of the revo
Haitian Revolution
First slave revolt in history successful in overthrowing government, and first independent nation in Latin America, Sought independence and equality of all men overthrowing the traditional upper classes
Home Rule
the government of a colony, dependent country, or region by its own citizens.
Imperialism
a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force; Term associated with the expansion of European powers and their conquest and colonization of African and Asian societies, mainly from the sixteenth through the nine
Indentured Servitude
a form of debt bondage, established in the early years of the American colonies and elsewhere. It was most used as a way for poor teenagers in Britain and the German states to get free passage to the American colonies; Labor source for plantations; wealth
Indirect Rule
Local officials ruled, limited self-rule, Goal: to develop future leaders, Government institutions are based on European styles but may have local rules.�ex. British
Industrialization
refers to a process that transformed agrarian and handicraft-centered economies into economies distinguished by industry and machine manufacturing.
John Locke
Discover the natural laws of politics; attacked divine right theories that were a foundation for absolute monarchy; advocated constitutional government with the idea that power goes to the people
King Leopold II/Belgian Congo
King of the Belgians, and is chiefly remembered for the founding and exploitation of the Congo Free State
King Louis XVI
King of France prior to the revolution; Executed by the Legislative Assembly; Not well liked by populace�King: not strong leader
Latin American Revolutions
Peninsulares rule throughout Latin America; Creoles seek independence from Spain to remove Peninsulares from power but to retain power with the Creole elite; Simon Bolivar seeks to create a "United States of South America" but is unable to unite forces in
Liberalism
Political belief that views Change as normal and welcome as agent of progress, and conservatives as avoiding to deal with injustices
Malaria
a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by parasitic protozoans. Commonly, the disease is transmitted by a bite from an infected mosquito, which introduces the organisms from its saliva into a person's circulatory system. In
Manifest Destiny
the 19th-century doctrine or belief that the expansion of the US throughout the American continents was both justified and inevitable.; Justifies the movement of the US as "imperialist" taking over the rest of the continental nation and of the pushing of
Mechanization
the condition of having a highly technical implementation; refers to the use of machines to conduct aspects of industrial labor in factories as opposed to human power
Meiji Japan
also known as the Meiji era, is a Japanese era which extended from September 1868 through July 1912. This period represents the first half of the Empire of Japan during which Japanese society moved from being an isolated feudal society to its modern form.
Meiji Restoration
Restoration of imperial rule under Emperor Meiji in 1868 by a coalition led by Fukuzawa Yukichi and Ito Hirobumi; the restoration enacted western reforms to strengthen Japan.
Middle Class
the social group between the upper and working classes, including professional and business workers and their families.
Monroe Doctrine
American doctrine issued in 1823 during the presidency of James Monroe that warned Europeans to keep their hands off Latin America and that expressed growing American imperialistic views regarding Latin America.
Montesquieu
French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755)
Napoleon Bonaparte
a gold twenty-franc French coin minted during the reign of Napoleon I.
Nationalism
an extreme form of this, especially marked by a feeling of superiority over other countries.
Olympe de Gouges
a French playwright and political activist whose feminist and abolitionist writings reached a large audience. She began her career as a playwright in the early 1780s.
Opium Wars
a war between Great Britain and China that began in 1839 as a conflict over the opium trade and ended in 1842 with the Chinese cession of Hong Kong to the British, the opening of five Chinese ports to foreign merchants, and the grant of other commercial a
Philosophe
The philosophes (French for "philosophers") were the intellectuals of the 18th-century Enlightenment. Few were primarily philosophers; rather, philosophes were public intellectuals who applied reason to the study of many areas of learning, including philo
Pollution
the presence in or introduction into the environment of a substance or thing that has harmful or poisonous effects.
Putting Out System
Method of getting around guild control by delivering unfinished materials to rural households for completion.
Queen Marie Antoinette
(Jos�phe Jeanne Marie Antoinette) 1755-93, queen of France 1774-93: wife of Louis XVI; executed in the French Revolution (daughter of Maria Theresa; sister of Joseph II, Leopold II).
Realpolitick
he Prussian Otto von Bismarck's "politics of reality" the belief that only the willingness to use force would actually bring about change.
Rudyard Kipling/The White Man's Burden
British novelist, short-story writer, and poet, born in India; full name Joseph Rudyard Kipling. He is known for his poems, such as ""If"" and ""Gunga Din"" and for his children's tales, notably "The Jungle Book" (1894) and the "Just So Stories" (1902). N
Samurai Revolts
The Satsuma Rebellion (???? Seinan Sens? (Southwestern War) ?) was a revolt of disaffected samurai against the new imperial government, nine years into the Meiji Era.
Second Agricultural Revolution
The second agricultural revolution is generally said to have occurred along with the Industrial Revolution. It came about in part because of the Industrial Revolution and it helped allow the Industrial Revolution to happen. The second agricultural revolut
Second Industrial Revolution
also known as the Technological Revolution, was a phase of rapid industrialization in the final third of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th; Though a number of its characteristic events can be traced to earlier innovations in manufacturing, su
Self-Determination
Belief popular in World War I and after that every people should have the right to determine their own political destiny; the belief was often cited but ignored by the Great Powers.
Self-Strengthening Movement
Chinese attempt (1860-1895) to blend Chinese cultural traditions with European industrial technology.
Siam
the former name (until 1939 and 1945-49) of Thailand that remained independent despite imperialism
Simon Bolivar
Venezuelan statesman who led the revolt of South American colonies against Spanish rule; founded Bolivia in 1825 (1783-1830) El Libertador, Bolivar.
Social Contract
an implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. Theories of a social contract became popular in the 16th, 17th, and 18th centuries among theori
Social Darwinism
Nineteenth-century philosophy, championed by thinkers such as Herbert Spencer, that attempted to apply Darwinian "survival of the fittest" to the social and political realm; adherents saw the elimination of weaker nations as part of a natural process and
Socialism
Political and economic theory of social organization based on the collective ownership of the means of production; its origins were in the early nineteenth century, and it differs from communism by a desire for slow or moderate change compared with the co
Steam Engines
an engine that uses the expansion or rapid condensation of steam to generate power.
Taiping Rebellions
Rebellion (1850-1864) in Qing China led by Hong Xiuquan, during which twenty to thirty million were killed; the rebellion was symbolic of the decline of China during the nineteenth century.
Telegraphs
a system for transmitting messages from a distance along a wire, especially one creating signals by making and breaking an electrical connection.
Textiles
a type of cloth or woven fabric.
The Self-Strengthening Movement
a period of institutional reforms initiated in China during the late Qing dynasty following a series of military defeats and concessions to foreign powers.
Toussaint L'Ouverture
Former slave and the best-known leader of the Haitian Revolution.
Treaty of Versailles
the peace treaties at the end of World War I. It ended the state of war between Germany and the Allied Powers.
Trench Warfare
a type of combat in which opposing troops fight from trenches facing each other.
Voltaire
French writer, playwright, and poet; pseudonym of Fran�ois-Marie Arouet. He was a leading figure of the Enlightenment, and frequently came into conflict with the Establishment as a result of his radical views and satirical writings.
White Man's Burden
the task that white colonizers believed they had to impose their civilization on the black inhabitants of their colonies.
Women's Rights
rights that promote a position of legal and social equality of women with men.
Zionism
a movement for (originally) the re-establishment and (now) the development and protection of a Jewish nation in what is now Israel. It was established as a political organization in 1897 under Theodor Herzl, and was later led by Chaim Weizmann.